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Human Physiology > Chapter 7 - The Nervous System: Neurons and Synapses > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - The Nervous System: Neurons and Synapses Flashcards

1
Q

What structures store the neurotransmitter molecules in the presynaptic neuron endings?

A

synaptic vesicles

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2
Q

______ are thing branching processes that extend from the cytoplasm of the cell body

A

dendrites

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3
Q

Which of the following structures are part of the central nervous system?

A

brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

Match the label w the appropriate part of the synapse

A

A: terminal bouton
B: synaptic vesicle
C: synaptic cleft

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5
Q

Place the steps of neurotransmitter release in the correct chronological order from the point at which the action potential arrives at the terminal bouton to the diffusion of the neurotransmitter across the synaptic cleft

A
  1. Action potential causes a change in the membrane potential of the terminal bouton
  2. Voltage gated Ca++ channels open
  3. Ca++ binds to sensor proteins in cytoplasm
  4. Ca++ protein complex stimulates exocytosis
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6
Q

what is the space between the presynaptic cell and the postsynaptic cell called?

A

synaptic cleft

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7
Q

The cranial and spinal nerves are a part of the _____ nervous system

A

peripheral

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8
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh):

A
  • is excitatory
  • is a neurotransmitter
  • is inhibitory
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9
Q

When a stimulation causes positive charges to flow into the cell and the membrane potential of the cell becomes more positive, the cell has ______

A

depolarized

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10
Q

Conduction of action potentials in a myelinated axon is:

A
  • called saltatory conduction
  • continues without decrement
  • is faster than in an unmyelinated axon
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11
Q

A drug that is classified as an antagonist

A

inhibits the activity of receptor proteins

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12
Q

A neuromuscular junction is a synapse between a(n) ____ and a _____ cell( not second, but a type of cell)

A

neuron,muscle

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13
Q

The _____ ____ is the enlarged portion of the neuron that contains the nucleus

A

cell body

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14
Q

A drug is classified as an agonist:

A

activates or increase the activity of receptor proteins

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15
Q

All cells in the body maintain a potential difference in voltage across their membrane, called the ___ ____ _____, in which the inside of the cell is negatively charged in comparison to the outside of the cell wall

A

resting membrane potential

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16
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

A chemical released by presynaptic nerve endings that cause changes in the membrane potential of a postsynaptic cell

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17
Q

What is the specialized name for the synapse between a neuron and a muscle cell?

A
  • myoneural junction

- neuromuscular junction

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18
Q

A(n) is a cable like collection of axons in the peripheral nervous system

A

nerve

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19
Q

The entire nervous system is divided into the ____ nervous system and the ____ nervous system

A

central, peripheral

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20
Q

The combined electrical and concentration gradient that drives the movement of ions into and out of cells is known as the:

A

electrochemical gradient

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21
Q

changes in the permeability of the membrane are due to:

A

the opening and closing of ion channels

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22
Q

The conduction of an action potential is an unmyelinated axon:

A
  • is conducted without decrement

- is slower than in a myelinated neuron

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23
Q

During excitatory synaptic transmission, neurotransmitters from the presynaptic cell bind to ligand gated channels on the postsynaptic cell causing:

A
  • Na+ to enter the postsynaptic cell

- an EPSP

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24
Q

Many axons produce more than one branch, each of these _____ ____ can synapse with many other neurons

A

axon collaterals

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25
Q

The _____ is a long process of the cytoplasm that conducts impulses called action potentials away from the cell body

A

axon

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26
Q

A(n) ____ is the connection between a neuron and either another neuron or an effector cell.

A

synapse

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27
Q

What is happening when a cell undergoes repolarization?

A

it returns to its resting potential

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28
Q

what is happening when a cell undergoes hyperpolarization?

A

it becomes more negative than its resting potential

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29
Q

The highly selective barrier to diffusion that the specialized capillaries of the brain create is known as the ______ _____ barrier

A

blood brain

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30
Q

what does an EPSP do in the postsynaptic cell?

A
  • cause action potentials to be produced

- cause the subsequent release of neurotransmitters

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31
Q

Neurotransmitter molecules within the presynaptic neuron endings are contained within many small membrane enclosed sacks called ______ _______

A

synaptic vesicles

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32
Q

The _____ restricts the movement of molecules from the blood to the interstitial spaces in the brain

A

blood-brain barrier

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33
Q

What type of gates or membrane channels in the postsynaptic membrane open in response to the binding of a chemical ligand to its receptor

A
  • ligand-regulated gates

- chemically regulated gates

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34
Q

Which of the following cell types are neuroglial cells located within the central nervous system

A
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes
  • microglia
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35
Q

The function of myelin is to:

A
  • provide insulation for the axon

- prevent leakage of Na+ and K+

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36
Q

if a stimulation causes the inside of a cell to become more negative than its resting potential, the cell has undergone ________

A

hyperpolarization

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37
Q

What is the potential difference in voltage across the membrane of a resting cell called?

A

the resting membrane potential

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38
Q

which of the following are structural classification of neurons?

A
  • pseudounipolar neurons

- bipolar neurons

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39
Q

Drugs that bind and thereby activate receptor proteins are called ______

A

agonists

40
Q

What are neurons?

A
  • Neurons are the conducting cells of the nervous system

- Neurons are the basic functional units of the nervous system

41
Q

What is a collection of axons wrapped together in the peripheral nervous system called?

A

A nerve

42
Q

Which of the following helps the axon segment return to its resting potential after an action potential?

A
  • K+ voltage gated channels

- Na+/K+ ion pump

43
Q

What are the secondary branches of an axon called?

A

axon collaterals

44
Q

The neurilemma

A
  • surrounds axons of the pNS

- is made up of schwann cells

45
Q

The speed of conduction in an axon is increased by:

A
  • greater diameter
  • decreasing internal resistance
  • myelination
46
Q

Which of the following are proposed functions of astro cytes?

A
  • absorption of K+ from the extracellular fluid
  • release of lactate
  • uptake of glucose from the blood
47
Q

When ion channels are open, the plasma is_____ permeable than when the channels are closed.

A

more

48
Q

A(n) ________ is a chemical that is released from a presynaptic cell in response to a stimulus which then causes a change in the membrane potential of a postsynaptic cell.

A

neurotransmitter

49
Q

which of the following are true of spatial summation within the nervous system?

A
  • It is due to convergence of neural pathways

- it occurs when signals from two or more presynaptic neurons summate within one postsynaptic neuron

50
Q

When ACh binds to a receptor on a sodium in the postsynaptic membrane, it causes the sodium channel to open and sodium ions enter the cell. What type of channel is this?

A
  • Chemically regulated

- Ligand regulated or gated

51
Q

What neuroglia cell type is thought to regulated neurogenesis in the adult brain, induce the formation of the blood-brain barrier, release transmitter chemicals that stimulate or inhibit neurons?

A

Astrocytes

52
Q

Muscarinic and nicotinic receptors are types of _______ receptor

A

ACh

53
Q

Which of the following cell types are neuroglial cells located within the peripheral nervous system?

A
  • Schwann cells

- Satellite cells

54
Q

_____ neurons have a single short process that branches like a T to form a pair longer process.

A

pseudounipolar

55
Q

At the neuromuscular junction, the excitatory postsynaptic potential produced by acetylcholine in skeletal muscle fibers are also ____ ________ _______

A

end, plate potentials

56
Q

What is a cell that can change its membrane in response to stimulation classified as?

A
  • an irritable cell

- an excitable cell

57
Q

The axons of neurons terminate in swollen button like structures called ______

A

terminate boutons

58
Q

What is the axon hillock of a neuron?

A

the expanded part of the axon to the cell body

59
Q

A graded depolarization in the postsynaptic cell that causes the membrane to move towards threshold is called a(n) __________ ___________ _______

A

excitatory postsynaptic potential

60
Q

What does an IPSP ( inhibitory postsynaptic potential) do in the postsynaptic cell?

A
  • prevent the production of action potentials

- prevent the subsequent release of neurotransmitters

61
Q

The absolute refractory period of an axon segment:

A

is dependent upon the length of time its takes a sufficient number of Na+ channels to reset

62
Q

How are capillaries in the brain different from capillaries in most other organs?

A
  • Brain capillaries do not have pores between adjacent endothelial cells
  • the endothelial cells in brain capillaries are joined together with tight junctions
63
Q

The period of time when only a stronger than normal stimulus can produce another action potential in the membrane is known as the ______

A

relative refractory period

64
Q

Conduction based on a neurons cable properties is poor because:

A
  • the axon has high internal resistance

- many charges leak out the membrane

65
Q

The supporting cells of the nervous system that aid the functions of the neurons are collectively called ______ or glial cells

A

neuroglia

66
Q

The ______ properties of neurons refers to their ability to conduct charges through their cytoplasm.

A

cable

67
Q

In ______ summation, successively rapid bursts of activity of a single presynaptic axon cause corresponding burts of neurotransmitter release resulting in successive waves EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron that summate as they travel to the initial segment of the axon.

A

temporal

68
Q

______ ______ form the epithelial lining of the brain cavities (ventricles) and the central canal of the spinal cord

A

ependymal cells

69
Q

What is the convergence of neural pathways?

A

convergence occurs when a number of axons synapse on a single neuron

70
Q

An ion channel that open response to a change in the membrane potential of the cell is called a(n) ____ channel.

A
  • voltage-regulated

- voltage-gated

71
Q

An _______ postsynaptic potential prevents or inhibits the post synaptic cells production of an action potential

A

inhibitory

72
Q

Neurons that have several dendrites and one axon extending from the cell body are classified as:

A

multipolar

73
Q

A graded change in the membrane potential is known as a(n) _____ _______

A

graded potential

74
Q

The myelin sheath that covers some axons:

A
  • is formed by schwann cells in the PNS
  • is formed by oligodendrocytes in the CNS
  • increase the speed of impulse conduction
75
Q

The subclass of monoamines derived from tyrosine are called _______

A

catecholamines

76
Q

What type of cells form the myelin sheaths around axons of the central nervous system?

A

oligodendrocytes

77
Q

Gangliocytes, otherwise called _____ _____ support neuron cell bodies in the ganglia of the peripheral nervous system.

A

satellite cells

78
Q

what structural type of neuron is depicted?

A

pseudounipolar

79
Q

The repolarization phase of the action potential is produced primarily by:

A

the efflux of K+

80
Q

The explosive increase in sodium permeability during the generation of the action potential results in a rapid change in the membrane potential of that region of the cell from ______ mV to _____ mV

A

-70,+30

81
Q

A sodium voltage gated channel will open in response to the _____ of the membrane to threshold

A

depolarization

82
Q

____ coupied cells pass impulses from one cell to the next without interruption through gap junctions

A

Electrically

83
Q

On the cross section of the axon depicted, the labeled layer is called the ______ ______

A

myelin sheath

84
Q

What is a neuron classified as if it uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter

A

cholinergic

85
Q

Where do action potentials occur in a myelinated axon?

A

at the nodes of ranvier

86
Q

A(n) ______ _____ channel is depicted in the figure.

A

ligand regulated

87
Q

A typical neuron has a ____ membrane potential of -70mV

A

resting

88
Q

Regulatory molecules derived from amino acids are called ____

A

monoamines

89
Q

The _______ matter of the CNS is composed of high concentrations of cell bodies and dendrites

A

grey

90
Q

Areas of the central nervous system that contain a high concentration of axons form the _____ matter

A

white

91
Q

Cell “A” has a resting potential of -70mV when its membrane potential is next measured it has a membrane potential of -40mV. which of the following is accurate about the cell?

A

it has depolarized

92
Q

The _____ migrate through the central nervous system and phagocytose foreign and degenerated material

A

microglia

93
Q

As the intensity of stimulus to a nerve increases, more and more axons become activated as their thresholds are reached this process of adding active axons to code for stimulus strength is called ____

A

recruitment

94
Q

The _____ of the central nervous system regulated the external environment around the neurons.

A

astrocytes

95
Q

The ______ _______ period of the action potential is the period of time during which only stronger than normal stimuli can initiate another action potential in the same segment of the membrane

A

relative refractory

96
Q

Which of the following are types of cholinergic receptors?

A
  • muscarinic

- nicotinic

97
Q

When a single neuron has collateral axonal branches that synapse with a number of different neurons, this is called _____ of neural pathways

A

divergence

Human Physiology (11 decks)

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