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Human Physiology > Chapter 5 - Cell respiration and Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Cell respiration and Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

the overall chemical equation C6H12O6 —> + 6H2O is for :

A

aerobic respiration

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2
Q

Put the three events of aerobic cell respiration in order

A

1: glycolysis
2: citric acid cycle
3: electron transport

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3
Q

Lack of oxygen in cardiac muscle tissue leads to a buildup of lactic acid in the heart. this can lead to a condition of myocardial ischemia, causing a pain in the chest and left arm called

A

angina pectoris

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4
Q

The enzyme ______ ______ catalyzes the formation of glycogen from glucose molecules

A

glycogen synthase

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5
Q

Which molecules are typically used in aerobic respiration to produce ATP

A
  • glucose
  • lipids
  • proteins
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6
Q

The arrow is pointing to the _____ ______ of a mitochondrion

A

intermembrane space

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7
Q

If more calories are consumed than burned, excess energy is stored as:

A
  • glycogen

- fat

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8
Q

The sum of all chemical reactions occuring in the body is termed_____

A

metabolism

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9
Q

Which terms are equivalent?

A
  • TCA cycle
  • citric acid cycle
  • Krebs cycle
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10
Q

Put the three events of aerobic cell respiration in order:

A

1: glycolsis
2: citric acid cycle
3: electron transport

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11
Q

During glycolysis, one molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of ____ ______

A

pyruvic acid

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12
Q

The reason humans inhale oxygen is so that it can be used for:

A
  • making ATP

- aerobic respiration

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13
Q

Many amino acids can be created by body cells when needed. However, ones that cannot be created by the body are called ____ amino acids

A

essential

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14
Q

Which pathway yields only two ATP molecules per glucose?

A

lactic acid pathway

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15
Q

How is aerobic respiration affected if cells have all the ATP they need?

A
  • ATP production is inhibited
  • glucose is converted to fat
  • glucose is converted to glycogen
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16
Q

the breakdown of glycogen into glucose is called

A

glycogenolysis

*breakdown into pyruvate = glycolysis

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17
Q

Chemical reactions in the body that require an investment of energy are called ______ reactions

A

anabolic

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18
Q

within the cell, glycolysis takes place in the _____

A

cytoplasm

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19
Q

Nitroglycerin is a vasodilator. why does this drug help angina?

A

angina is caused by clogged arteries, so vasodilators increase blood flow

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20
Q

The enzyme that catalyzes lipolysis is

A

lipase

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21
Q

List the steps of the citric acid cycle in order

A

1: guanosine triphosphate donates a phosphate to ADP to produce ATP
2: NAD is reduced to NADH
3: FAD is reduced to FADH2

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22
Q

Creating glucose from lactic acid or other noncarbohydrate molecules is termed _____

A

gluconeogenesis

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23
Q

which is true of free radicals?

A
  • they have unpaired electrons

- they contribute to diseases and aging

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24
Q

The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule is termed ______

A

phosphorylation

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25
Q

An infarct of heart tissue might be caused by:

A

a blood clot in an artery

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26
Q

to avoid a severe increase in osomotic pressure inside cells, energy storage is not the form of glucose, but in the form of ______

A

glycogen

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27
Q

The main function of aerobic cell respiration is the production of ____

A

ATP

28
Q

The respiratory system brings oxygen into the body for aerobic cell respiration, which produces ________ _______ as waste. this waste is also eliminated from the body by respiratory system.

A

carbon dioxide

29
Q

the term describing the synthesis of large molecules such as glycogen and proteins from smaller subunits is _______

A

anabolism

30
Q

Phosphorylation involves:

A

the addition of a phosphate group

31
Q

list the event of glycolysis in order (some steps are missing):

A

1: phosphorylation of glucose
2: glucose is broken into two 3-carbon molecules
3: NAD is reduced to NADH
4: ATP is formed

32
Q

The term aerobic cell respiration refers to the requirement of _____ in the metabolic pathway

A

oxygen

33
Q

Lacks of oxygen in cardiac muscle tissue leads to a build up of lactic acid in the heart, this can lead to a condition of myocardial ischemia, causing a pain the the chest and left arm called

A

angina, pectoris

34
Q

The extraction of energy from glycogen occurs in several steps. the step following glycogenolysis would be

A

glycolysis

35
Q

Choose the two methods of ATP formation in cellular respiration

A
  • oxidative phosphorylation

- direct phosphorylation

36
Q

Which organs can use fatty acids as an energy source

A
  • heart
  • skeletal muscles
  • liver
37
Q

Arrow A is pointing to the _____ mitochondrial membrane, while arrow B is pointing to the ____ mitochondrial membrane

A

outer, inner

38
Q

Glucose is converted to lactic acid:

A

anaerobically

39
Q

Which are the main components of the electron transport chain?

A
  • coenzyme Q
  • cytochromes
  • flavin mononucleotide
40
Q

A abnormal condition characterized by obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, militius and high levels of triglycerides in the blood is

A

metabolic syndrome

41
Q

Pyruvic acid from glycolysis leaves the cytoplasm and enters the ____ of mitochondria

A

matrix

42
Q

in most cells, anaerobic respiration is used temporarily until oxygen is again available. however, in ____ cells, oxygen is never used to make ATP

A

red blood

43
Q

The net yield of glycolysis is ______ ATP molecules

A

two

44
Q

Because of the action of ___ , there is a higher concentration of H+ in the mitochondrial intermembrane space than the matrix

A

proton pumps

45
Q

which are the main substrates for gluconeogenesis? choose three

A
  • alanine
  • glycerol
  • lastic acid
46
Q

Not all of the energy obtained from glucose is captured in the phosphate bonds of ATP. most of the ‘lost’ energy is used to :

A

maintain body temp

47
Q

without oxygen acting as the final ____ ______, electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation would stop

A

electron acceptor

48
Q

Oxidative deamination removes the ____ group from amino acids, leaving a keto acid and ammonia

A

amine

49
Q

In anaerobic fermentation the last electron acceptor is an organic molecule . in aerobic respiration the latest electron acceptor is ______

A

oxygen

50
Q

which two molecules are oxidized during the electron transport system?

A
  • FADH2

- NADH

51
Q

If the liver has enough ATP the extra acetyl coenzyme a molecules are converted to ______ _______, possibly leading to ketosis

A

ketone bodies

52
Q

In the absence of oxygen, glucose is converted to:

A

lactic acid

53
Q

because ____ ATP molecules are used during glycolysis, and ____ are produced, glycolysis yields a net___ ATP molecules

A

2;4;2

54
Q

Glycolysis occurs in the _____. the products of glycolysis are further processed in the _____

A

cytoplasm;mitochondria

55
Q

Each pyruvic acid contains three carbons, three oxygens, and ____ hydrogens.

A

four

56
Q

Which explains the orgin of most body heat

A

the combustion of glucose is not 100% efficient

57
Q

The transfer of a phosphate to ADP from the electron-transport system is termed ____ phosphorylation

A

oxidative

58
Q

During the last step of aerobic respiration, oxygen is ____ by NADH and FADH2

A

reduced

59
Q

The transfer of an amine group from an amino acid to a keto acid is an example of ____

A

transamination

60
Q

When hydrogens are added to pyruvic acid during the lactic acid pathway, ____ acid is produced

A

lactic

61
Q

The _____ theory says that the electron-transport system pumps promotes from the matrix into the intermembrane space of mitochondria

A

chemiosmotic

62
Q

the enzyme lactic acid dehydrogenase converts lactic acid to ____ acid

A

pyruvic

63
Q

children can excrete fewer proteins than they take in, because of the enlargement of tissues while growing. they are said to be in a ___ nitrogen balance

A

positive

64
Q

each component of the electron-transport chain acts as a ____ agent for NAD and FAD

A

oxidizing

65
Q

After glycolysis, acetic acid combines with ____ to form citiric acid

A

oxaloacetic acid

Human Physiology (11 decks)

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