Chapter 5 - Cell respiration and Metabolism

Question 1

the overall chemical equation C6H12O6 —> + 6H2O is for :

Answer 1

aerobic respiration

Question 2

Put the three events of aerobic cell respiration in order

Answer 2

1: glycolysis
2: citric acid cycle
3: electron transport

Question 3

Lack of oxygen in cardiac muscle tissue leads to a buildup of lactic acid in the heart. this can lead to a condition of myocardial ischemia, causing a pain in the chest and left arm called

Answer 3

angina pectoris

Question 4

The enzyme ______ ______ catalyzes the formation of glycogen from glucose molecules

Answer 4

glycogen synthase

Question 5

Which molecules are typically used in aerobic respiration to produce ATP

Answer 5

• glucose
• lipids
• proteins

Question 6

The arrow is pointing to the _____ ______ of a mitochondrion

Answer 6

intermembrane space

Question 7

If more calories are consumed than burned, excess energy is stored as:

Answer 7

• glycogen

- fat

Question 8

The sum of all chemical reactions occuring in the body is termed_____

Answer 8

metabolism

Question 9

Which terms are equivalent?

Answer 9

• TCA cycle
• citric acid cycle
• Krebs cycle

Question 10

Put the three events of aerobic cell respiration in order:

Answer 10

1: glycolsis
2: citric acid cycle
3: electron transport

Question 11

During glycolysis, one molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of ____ ______

Answer 11

pyruvic acid

Question 12

The reason humans inhale oxygen is so that it can be used for:

Answer 12

• making ATP

- aerobic respiration

Question 13

Many amino acids can be created by body cells when needed. However, ones that cannot be created by the body are called ____ amino acids

Answer 13

essential

Question 14

Which pathway yields only two ATP molecules per glucose?

Answer 14

lactic acid pathway

Question 15

How is aerobic respiration affected if cells have all the ATP they need?

Answer 15

• ATP production is inhibited
• glucose is converted to fat
• glucose is converted to glycogen

Question 16

the breakdown of glycogen into glucose is called

Answer 16

glycogenolysis

*breakdown into pyruvate = glycolysis

Question 17

Chemical reactions in the body that require an investment of energy are called ______ reactions

Answer 17

anabolic

Question 18

within the cell, glycolysis takes place in the _____

Answer 18

cytoplasm

Question 19

Nitroglycerin is a vasodilator. why does this drug help angina?

Answer 19

angina is caused by clogged arteries, so vasodilators increase blood flow

Question 20

The enzyme that catalyzes lipolysis is

Answer 20

lipase

Question 21

List the steps of the citric acid cycle in order

Answer 21

1: guanosine triphosphate donates a phosphate to ADP to produce ATP
2: NAD is reduced to NADH
3: FAD is reduced to FADH2

Question 22

Creating glucose from lactic acid or other noncarbohydrate molecules is termed _____

Answer 22

gluconeogenesis

Question 23

which is true of free radicals?

Answer 23

• they have unpaired electrons

- they contribute to diseases and aging

Question 24

The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule is termed ______

Answer 24

phosphorylation

Question 25

An infarct of heart tissue might be caused by:

Answer 25

a blood clot in an artery

Question 26

to avoid a severe increase in osomotic pressure inside cells, energy storage is not the form of glucose, but in the form of ______

Answer 26

glycogen

Question 27

The main function of aerobic cell respiration is the production of ____

Answer 27

ATP

Question 28

The respiratory system brings oxygen into the body for aerobic cell respiration, which produces ________ _______ as waste. this waste is also eliminated from the body by respiratory system.

Answer 28

carbon dioxide

Question 29

the term describing the synthesis of large molecules such as glycogen and proteins from smaller subunits is _______

Answer 29

anabolism

Question 30

Phosphorylation involves:

Answer 30

the addition of a phosphate group

Question 31

list the event of glycolysis in order (some steps are missing):

Answer 31

1: phosphorylation of glucose 2: glucose is broken into two 3-carbon molecules 3: NAD is reduced to NADH 4: ATP is formed

Question 32

The term aerobic cell respiration refers to the requirement of _____ in the metabolic pathway

Answer 32

oxygen

Question 33

Lacks of oxygen in cardiac muscle tissue leads to a build up of lactic acid in the heart, this can lead to a condition of myocardial ischemia, causing a pain the the chest and left arm called

Answer 33

angina, pectoris

Question 34

The extraction of energy from glycogen occurs in several steps. the step following glycogenolysis would be

Answer 34

glycolysis

Question 35

Choose the two methods of ATP formation in cellular respiration

Answer 35

- oxidative phosphorylation | - direct phosphorylation

Question 36

Which organs can use fatty acids as an energy source

Answer 36

- heart - skeletal muscles - liver

Question 37

Arrow A is pointing to the _____ mitochondrial membrane, while arrow B is pointing to the ____ mitochondrial membrane

Answer 37

outer, inner

Question 38

Glucose is converted to lactic acid:

Answer 38

anaerobically

Question 39

Which are the main components of the electron transport chain?

Answer 39

- coenzyme Q - cytochromes - flavin mononucleotide

Question 40

A abnormal condition characterized by obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, militius and high levels of triglycerides in the blood is

Answer 40

metabolic syndrome

Question 41

Pyruvic acid from glycolysis leaves the cytoplasm and enters the ____ of mitochondria

Answer 41

matrix

Question 42

in most cells, anaerobic respiration is used temporarily until oxygen is again available. however, in ____ cells, oxygen is never used to make ATP

Answer 42

red blood

Question 43

The net yield of glycolysis is ______ ATP molecules

Answer 43

two

Question 44

Because of the action of ___ , there is a higher concentration of H+ in the mitochondrial intermembrane space than the matrix

Answer 44

proton pumps

Question 45

which are the main substrates for gluconeogenesis? choose three

Answer 45

- alanine - glycerol - lastic acid

Question 46

Not all of the energy obtained from glucose is captured in the phosphate bonds of ATP. most of the 'lost' energy is used to :

Answer 46

maintain body temp

Question 47

without oxygen acting as the final ____ ______, electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation would stop

Answer 47

electron acceptor

Question 48

Oxidative deamination removes the ____ group from amino acids, leaving a keto acid and ammonia

Answer 48

amine

Question 49

In anaerobic fermentation the last electron acceptor is an organic molecule . in aerobic respiration the latest electron acceptor is ______

Answer 49

oxygen

Question 50

which two molecules are oxidized during the electron transport system?

Answer 50

- FADH2 | - NADH

Question 51

If the liver has enough ATP the extra acetyl coenzyme a molecules are converted to ______ _______, possibly leading to ketosis

Answer 51

ketone bodies

Question 52

In the absence of oxygen, glucose is converted to:

Answer 52

lactic acid

Question 53

because ____ ATP molecules are used during glycolysis, and ____ are produced, glycolysis yields a net___ ATP molecules

Answer 53

2;4;2

Question 54

Glycolysis occurs in the _____. the products of glycolysis are further processed in the _____

Answer 54

cytoplasm;mitochondria

Question 55

Each pyruvic acid contains three carbons, three oxygens, and ____ hydrogens.

Answer 55

four

Question 56

Which explains the orgin of most body heat

Answer 56

the combustion of glucose is not 100% efficient

Question 57

The transfer of a phosphate to ADP from the electron-transport system is termed ____ phosphorylation

Answer 57

oxidative

Question 58

During the last step of aerobic respiration, oxygen is ____ by NADH and FADH2

Answer 58

reduced

Question 59

The transfer of an amine group from an amino acid to a keto acid is an example of ____

Answer 59

transamination

Question 60

When hydrogens are added to pyruvic acid during the lactic acid pathway, ____ acid is produced

Answer 60

lactic

Question 61

The _____ theory says that the electron-transport system pumps promotes from the matrix into the intermembrane space of mitochondria

Answer 61

chemiosmotic

Question 62

the enzyme lactic acid dehydrogenase converts lactic acid to ____ acid

Answer 62

pyruvic

Question 63

children can excrete fewer proteins than they take in, because of the enlargement of tissues while growing. they are said to be in a ___ nitrogen balance

Answer 63

positive

Question 64

each component of the electron-transport chain acts as a ____ agent for NAD and FAD

Answer 64

oxidizing

Question 65

After glycolysis, acetic acid combines with ____ to form citiric acid

Answer 65

oxaloacetic acid