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Human Physiology > chapter 11 -Endocrine glands > Flashcards

chapter 11 -Endocrine glands Flashcards

1
Q

choose the regulatory hormones that are secreted by the hypothalamus

A
  • somatostatin
  • proclactin-inhibiting hormone
  • growth hormone
  • corticotropin releasing hormone
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2
Q

endocrine glands secrete ___ directly into the ____

A

hormones;blood

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3
Q

this hormone stimulates milk production in females regulated FSH LH

A

prolactin

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4
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to produce :

A
  • triiodothyronine

- thyroxine

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5
Q

name the primary hormone that is responsible for the development and maintence of the male reproductive sysstem

A

testosterone

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6
Q

oxytocin functions to stimulate

A
  • milk ejection from the mammary ducts

- smooth muscle contractions of the uterous during child birth

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7
Q

Which endocrine glands has a cortex and medulla

A

adrenal

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8
Q

which pituitary or hypothalamic primaries function is to stimulate the kidneys to retain water

A

antidiuretic hormone

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9
Q

match the letter with the correct hormone that stimulates the corresponding tissue

A 
A; TSH
B; ACTH
C; PSH and LH
D; growth hormone
E; prolactin
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10
Q

Alternate terms to denote the hormone most abundantly secreted by the thyroid gland iclude

A
  • T3
  • thyroxine
  • triiodothyronine
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11
Q

the ____ _____ are the clusters of cells that are scattered thoughout the pancreas and functoin to secrete hormones

A

pancreatic islets

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12
Q

which of the following statements aretrue of both neural and endocrine regualtion

A

a specific change in the target cell must occur when the regulatory moleucle binds to its specific receptros

  • thereis a mechanism to turn off action of the regulators
  • target cells must have specific receptor proteins that combine with the regulatory molecule
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13
Q

put the steps of the pathway to maintain glucose homeostasis in order

A

1;plasma glucose levels rise after consumption of carbonhydrates

-2;beta cells
3;insulin binds to receptors on target cells
4;intracellular vesticles containing GLUT4
5;glucose enters the cells by faciliated

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14
Q

ovulation in female and testosterone secretion in males is stimulated by ____

A

LH

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15
Q

The ____ is the largest of the purely endocrine glands in an adult

A

thyroid

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16
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla function to:

A
  • increase heart and respiratory rates
  • increased mental alertness
  • elevate metabolic rate
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17
Q

Order the steps of the adenylate cyclase cyclic AMP second messenger system

A

1; the hormone binds to its receptors in the plasma membrane of its target cell
2; G-protiens dissociate and the subunit activates adenylate cyclase
3; cAMP is produced
4; cAMP removes the regulatory subunit from protein kinase
5; protein kinase phosphorylates other enzymes
6; enzymes are activated or inactivated to produce specific effects within the cell

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18
Q

Uterine contractions during childbirth are stimulated by the hormone ______

A

oxytocin

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19
Q

Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla in the greatest proportion

A

Epinephrine

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20
Q

_____ and _____ are hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla that act to increase cardiac output, heart rate, respiratory mental alertness and metabolic rate

A

Epinephrine , norepinephrine

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21
Q

Choose the actions of the follicle -stimulating hormone

A
  • stimulated the production of sperm in males

- stimulated the growth of ovarian follicles in females

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22
Q

Match the letter with the correct gland

A

A; parathyroid

B:thyroid

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23
Q

Which of the following statements are true of both neural and endocrine regulation?

A
  • target cells must have specific receptor proteins that combine with the regulatory molecule
  • there is a mechanism to turn off actions of the regulators
  • a specific change in the target cell must occur when the regulatory molecule to its specific receptors
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24
Q

Which of the following statements regarding thyroxine is true?

A

thyroxine requires a carrier protein to travel through the blood

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25
Q

_____ -_____ hormone stimulates the secretion of T3 and T4 from the thyroid gland

A

thyroid-stimulating

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26
Q

Which anterior pituitary hormones target the gonads?

A
  • follicle-stimulating

- luteinizing hormones

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27
Q

______ hormone is responsible for increasing blood calcium levels

A

parathyroid

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28
Q

The ____ gland is attached to the hypothalamus by an infundibulum

A

pituitary

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29
Q

Choose the following drugs that are classified as NSAIDs

A
  • asprin
  • ibuprofen
  • celecoxib
  • indomethacin
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30
Q

Which of the following statements are true regarding calcitonin?

A
  • calcitonin is produced in the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland
  • calcitonin inhibits the dissolution of calcium in the urine
  • calcitonin promotes the excretion of calcium in the urine
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31
Q

the hormone that stimulates protein synthesis on cells is ______ also known as growth hormine GH

A

somatotropin

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32
Q

Which of the following are included in the endocrine system?

A
  • adipose tissue
  • pancreas
  • hypothalamus
  • thyroid gland
  • liver
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33
Q

Glucocorticoids are secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to ___ from the anterior pituitary

A

ACTH

34
Q

Paracrine regulators that regulate the immune system are called ______

A

cytokines

35
Q

Choose the actions of prolactin ( PRL)

A
  • plays a supporting role in the regulation of the male reproductive system
  • acts on the kidneys to regylate water and electrolyte balance
  • stimulates production of milk by mammary glands
36
Q

The pineal gland produces

A

melatonin

37
Q

THe _____ ____ are the clusters of cells that are scattered throughout the pancreas, and function to secret hormones

A

pancreatic islets

38
Q

Choose the actions of luteinizing hormone

A
  • stimulates the secretion of testosterone from the interstitial cells of the testes in males
  • stimulates ovulation in females
  • stimulates an ovulated follicle
39
Q

Which hormones are produced by the small intestine

A
  • cholecystokinin

- secretin

40
Q

Corticotropin stimulate the _____ _____ to secrete glucocorticoids

A

adrenal cortex

41
Q

Identify the three categories of corticosteroids

A
  • mineralocorticoids
  • glucocorticoids
  • adrenal androgens
42
Q

Prostaglandins are part of a family of molecules called the :

A

eicosanoids

43
Q

An endemic goiter is an enlarged thyroid gland due to a deficiency in _____

A

iodine

44
Q

Which of the following are effects of glucocorticoids

A
  • stimulate gluconeogenesis- fatty acids

- stimulate the breakdown of proteins and fats

45
Q

Lipophilic hormones bind to what kind of receptors

A

nuclear

46
Q

Adenylate cyclase, phospholipase C and tyrosine kinase are all enzymes involved in:

A

second messenger systems

47
Q

which of the following cal affect the release of anterior pituitary hormones?

A
  • higher brain center
  • positive feedback
  • hypothalamic hormones
  • negative feedback inhibition
48
Q

Choose the example of a neuroendocrine reflex

A

an infanct sucking stimulants release of oxytocin

49
Q

Thyroid hormone binds to _____ receptors which are located inside the cell

A

nuclear

50
Q

Choose the mechanisms of parathyroid hormone action

A
  • acts on the kidneys to promote conversation of calcium

- causes calcium-phosphate crystals in the boke to break down

51
Q

Choose the types of hormones that are lipophilic

A
  • thyroid hormones
  • sex steroids
  • corticosteroids
52
Q

The anterior pituitary gland is linked to the hypothalamus through the hypothalamo-hypophyseal ____ system

A

Portal

53
Q

what disease is characterized by a low basal metabolic rate (BMR) weight gain and lethargy

A

hypothyroid

54
Q

adrenal cortex

adrenal medulla

A

hormonal

neural

55
Q

the appetite-suppressing hormone, leptin, is secreted primarily by:

A

-adipose tissue

56
Q

Hormones that can cause hypertrophy of their target organs are called _____ hormones

A

tropic

57
Q

Choose the organs that secrete steroid hormones

A
  • adrenal cortex

- gonads

58
Q

Which major chemical class of hormones is lacking a protien component

A
  • steroids

- amines

59
Q

_______ ______ are paracrine regulators that prom\te cell divison

A

growth factors

60
Q

Neurohormones are secreted by neurons into the _____

A

blood

61
Q

Atrial natriuretic hormone is produced by the ______

A

heart

62
Q

Choose the statements that are consistent with steroid hormones and their actions

A
  • steroid hormones can cross the plasma membrane and bind to receptors located inside the cell
  • steroid hormones typically initiate a change in gene expression of the cell
  • steroid hormones require a carrier protein for transport ion the blood
63
Q

The ____ secrete estradiol in the female, while the ____ secrete testosterone in the male

A

ovarian follicles/leydig cells

64
Q

Which of the following can affect the release of anterior pituitary hormones?

A
  • positive feedback
  • hypothalamic hormones
  • higher brain centers
  • negative feedback inhibition
65
Q

Choose the hormones that are secreted by the placenta

A
  • human chorionic gonadotropin
  • somatomammotropin
  • estriol
66
Q

NSAIDs that inhibit _____ have been found to be dangerous because of the increased risk for heart attack and stroke with prolonged use

A

COX-2

67
Q

One class of hydrophobic hormones released by the gonads and the adrenal cortex are ______

A

steroids

68
Q

Tyrosine kinase adds ____ groups to ____

A

phosphate , tyrosine

69
Q

___ are hormones that raise blood glucose levels by promoting the breakdown of proteins and fats in the body to be used in the production of glucose

A

glucocorticoids

70
Q

Choose the following statements that are true regarding cortisol

A
  • cortisol is secreted by the zona fasciculata
  • cortisol the major glucocorticoid
  • cortisol is also called hydrocortisone
  • cortisol is a steroid hormone
71
Q

Which of the following are functions of calcium

A
  • part of the second messenger system of some hormones
  • signal the release of neurotransmitter from neurons
  • facillities muscle contraction
72
Q

When one hormone that comes first enhances of a second hormone, it is said to have ____ effects

A

permissive

73
Q

Target organs of parathyroid hormone include:

A

-bone

kidneys

74
Q

Name the drug that reduces the risk for heart attack and stroke by inhibiting the ability of blood platelets to produce thromboxane A2, this inhibiting blood clotting

A

asprin

75
Q

Phospholipase C is an enzyme that is located in the ___

A

plasma membrane

76
Q

Which thyroid hormone is active within target cells?

A

T3

77
Q

Choose the statements that are true regarding aldosterone

A

-all except aldosterone indirectly reduces blood pressure

78
Q

Erythopoietin is produced by the _____ and somatomedins are produced by the _______

A

kidneys,liver

79
Q

The release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary is under the control of ______ and ____ from the hypothalamus

A

somatostatin, GHRH

80
Q

The release of which hormones is controlled by neuroendocrine reflexes?

A
  • oxytocin

- antidiuretic hormone

81
Q

within target cells

A

thyroxine, trilodothryonine

Human Physiology (11 decks)

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