chapter 11 -Endocrine glands Flashcards by amanda figueroa

choose the regulatory hormones that are secreted by the hypothalamus

somatostatin
proclactin-inhibiting hormone
growth hormone
corticotropin releasing hormone

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endocrine glands secrete ___ directly into the ____

hormones;blood

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this hormone stimulates milk production in females regulated FSH LH

prolactin

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thyroid-stimulating hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to produce :

triiodothyronine

- thyroxine

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name the primary hormone that is responsible for the development and maintence of the male reproductive sysstem

testosterone

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oxytocin functions to stimulate

milk ejection from the mammary ducts

- smooth muscle contractions of the uterous during child birth

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Which endocrine glands has a cortex and medulla

adrenal

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which pituitary or hypothalamic primaries function is to stimulate the kidneys to retain water

antidiuretic hormone

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match the letter with the correct hormone that stimulates the corresponding tissue

A; TSH
B; ACTH
C; PSH and LH
D; growth hormone
E; prolactin

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Alternate terms to denote the hormone most abundantly secreted by the thyroid gland iclude

T3
thyroxine
triiodothyronine

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the ____ _____ are the clusters of cells that are scattered thoughout the pancreas and functoin to secrete hormones

pancreatic islets

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which of the following statements aretrue of both neural and endocrine regualtion

a specific change in the target cell must occur when the regulatory moleucle binds to its specific receptros

thereis a mechanism to turn off action of the regulators
target cells must have specific receptor proteins that combine with the regulatory molecule

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put the steps of the pathway to maintain glucose homeostasis in order

1;plasma glucose levels rise after consumption of carbonhydrates

-2;beta cells
3;insulin binds to receptors on target cells
4;intracellular vesticles containing GLUT4
5;glucose enters the cells by faciliated

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ovulation in female and testosterone secretion in males is stimulated by ____

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The ____ is the largest of the purely endocrine glands in an adult

thyroid

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Epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla function to:

increase heart and respiratory rates
increased mental alertness
elevate metabolic rate

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Order the steps of the adenylate cyclase cyclic AMP second messenger system

1; the hormone binds to its receptors in the plasma membrane of its target cell
2; G-protiens dissociate and the subunit activates adenylate cyclase
3; cAMP is produced
4; cAMP removes the regulatory subunit from protein kinase
5; protein kinase phosphorylates other enzymes
6; enzymes are activated or inactivated to produce specific effects within the cell

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Uterine contractions during childbirth are stimulated by the hormone ______

oxytocin

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Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla in the greatest proportion

Epinephrine

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_____ and _____ are hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla that act to increase cardiac output, heart rate, respiratory mental alertness and metabolic rate

Epinephrine , norepinephrine

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Choose the actions of the follicle -stimulating hormone

stimulated the production of sperm in males

- stimulated the growth of ovarian follicles in females

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Match the letter with the correct gland

A; parathyroid

B:thyroid

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Which of the following statements are true of both neural and endocrine regulation?

target cells must have specific receptor proteins that combine with the regulatory molecule
there is a mechanism to turn off actions of the regulators
a specific change in the target cell must occur when the regulatory molecule to its specific receptors

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Which of the following statements regarding thyroxine is true?

thyroxine requires a carrier protein to travel through the blood

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_____ -_____ hormone stimulates the secretion of T3 and T4 from the thyroid gland

thyroid-stimulating

Which anterior pituitary hormones target the gonads?

- follicle-stimulating | - luteinizing hormones

______ hormone is responsible for increasing blood calcium levels

parathyroid

The ____ gland is attached to the hypothalamus by an infundibulum

pituitary

Choose the following drugs that are classified as NSAIDs

- asprin - ibuprofen - celecoxib - indomethacin

Which of the following statements are true regarding calcitonin?

- calcitonin is produced in the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland - calcitonin inhibits the dissolution of calcium in the urine - calcitonin promotes the excretion of calcium in the urine

the hormone that stimulates protein synthesis on cells is ______ also known as growth hormine GH

somatotropin

Which of the following are included in the endocrine system?

- adipose tissue - pancreas - hypothalamus - thyroid gland - liver

Glucocorticoids are secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to ___ from the anterior pituitary

ACTH

Paracrine regulators that regulate the immune system are called ______

cytokines

Choose the actions of prolactin ( PRL)

- plays a supporting role in the regulation of the male reproductive system - acts on the kidneys to regylate water and electrolyte balance - stimulates production of milk by mammary glands

The pineal gland produces

melatonin

THe _____ ____ are the clusters of cells that are scattered throughout the pancreas, and function to secret hormones

pancreatic islets

Choose the actions of luteinizing hormone

- stimulates the secretion of testosterone from the interstitial cells of the testes in males - stimulates ovulation in females - stimulates an ovulated follicle

Which hormones are produced by the small intestine

- cholecystokinin | - secretin

Corticotropin stimulate the _____ _____ to secrete glucocorticoids

adrenal cortex

Identify the three categories of corticosteroids

- mineralocorticoids - glucocorticoids - adrenal androgens

Prostaglandins are part of a family of molecules called the :

eicosanoids

An endemic goiter is an enlarged thyroid gland due to a deficiency in _____

iodine

Which of the following are effects of glucocorticoids

- stimulate gluconeogenesis- fatty acids | - stimulate the breakdown of proteins and fats

Lipophilic hormones bind to what kind of receptors

nuclear

Adenylate cyclase, phospholipase C and tyrosine kinase are all enzymes involved in:

second messenger systems

which of the following cal affect the release of anterior pituitary hormones?

- higher brain center - positive feedback - hypothalamic hormones - negative feedback inhibition

Choose the example of a neuroendocrine reflex

an infanct sucking stimulants release of oxytocin

Thyroid hormone binds to _____ receptors which are located inside the cell

nuclear

Choose the mechanisms of parathyroid hormone action

- acts on the kidneys to promote conversation of calcium | - causes calcium-phosphate crystals in the boke to break down

Choose the types of hormones that are lipophilic

- thyroid hormones - sex steroids - corticosteroids

The anterior pituitary gland is linked to the hypothalamus through the hypothalamo-hypophyseal ____ system

Portal

what disease is characterized by a low basal metabolic rate (BMR) weight gain and lethargy

hypothyroid

adrenal cortex | adrenal medulla

hormonal | neural

the appetite-suppressing hormone, leptin, is secreted primarily by:

-adipose tissue

Hormones that can cause hypertrophy of their target organs are called _____ hormones

tropic

Choose the organs that secrete steroid hormones

- adrenal cortex | - gonads

Which major chemical class of hormones is lacking a protien component

- steroids | - amines

_______ ______ are paracrine regulators that prom\te cell divison

growth factors

Neurohormones are secreted by neurons into the _____

blood

Atrial natriuretic hormone is produced by the ______

heart

Choose the statements that are consistent with steroid hormones and their actions

- steroid hormones can cross the plasma membrane and bind to receptors located inside the cell - steroid hormones typically initiate a change in gene expression of the cell - steroid hormones require a carrier protein for transport ion the blood

The ____ secrete estradiol in the female, while the ____ secrete testosterone in the male

ovarian follicles/leydig cells

Which of the following can affect the release of anterior pituitary hormones?

- positive feedback - hypothalamic hormones - higher brain centers - negative feedback inhibition

Choose the hormones that are secreted by the placenta

- human chorionic gonadotropin - somatomammotropin - estriol

NSAIDs that inhibit _____ have been found to be dangerous because of the increased risk for heart attack and stroke with prolonged use

COX-2

One class of hydrophobic hormones released by the gonads and the adrenal cortex are ______

steroids

Tyrosine kinase adds ____ groups to ____

phosphate , tyrosine

___ are hormones that raise blood glucose levels by promoting the breakdown of proteins and fats in the body to be used in the production of glucose

glucocorticoids

Choose the following statements that are true regarding cortisol

- cortisol is secreted by the zona fasciculata - cortisol the major glucocorticoid - cortisol is also called hydrocortisone - cortisol is a steroid hormone

Which of the following are functions of calcium

- part of the second messenger system of some hormones - signal the release of neurotransmitter from neurons - facillities muscle contraction

When one hormone that comes first enhances of a second hormone, it is said to have ____ effects

permissive

Target organs of parathyroid hormone include:

-bone | kidneys

Name the drug that reduces the risk for heart attack and stroke by inhibiting the ability of blood platelets to produce thromboxane A2, this inhibiting blood clotting

asprin

Phospholipase C is an enzyme that is located in the ___

plasma membrane

Which thyroid hormone is active within target cells?

Choose the statements that are true regarding aldosterone

-all except aldosterone indirectly reduces blood pressure

Erythopoietin is produced by the _____ and somatomedins are produced by the _______

kidneys,liver

The release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary is under the control of ______ and ____ from the hypothalamus

somatostatin, GHRH

The release of which hormones is controlled by neuroendocrine reflexes?

- oxytocin | - antidiuretic hormone

within target cells

thyroxine, trilodothryonine