Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Zoology > Chapter 9: Architectural Pattern of an Animal > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Architectural Pattern of an Animal Flashcards

0
Q

Major body plans result from?

A

extensive selection and are limiting determinant of future adaptational variants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

There are 34 major phyla that survived from around 100 phyla that appeared how many years ago during the cambrian explosion?

A

600 million years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the five grades of organization?

A
  1. Protoplasmic Grade of Organization
  2. Cellular Grade of Organization
  3. Cell-tissue Grade of Organization
  4. Tissue-Organ Grade of Organization
  5. Organ-Systems Grade of Organization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Protoplasmic Grade?

A
  • unicellular organisms
  • all life functions are within the boundaries of one cell
  • protoplasm differentiates into organelles
    ex: amoeba
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cellular Grade?

A
  • an aggregation of cells that are functionally differentiated and a division of labour is evident.
    ex: volvox and sponges
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cell-Tissue Grade?

A

cells of the same type group together to perform a common function..making different layers and patterns etc.
ex: Cnidarians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Tissue-Organ Grade?

A
  • an aggregation of tissues into an organ..
  • made up of more than one type
    ex: flatworm…their eyespots….proboscis ex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Organ-System Grade?

A
  • organs work together to perform some function..
  • circulation, digestion, respiration etc
  • ex: nemertean: complete digestive system separate from the circulatory system..
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Parenchyma is what?(think organs)

A

the chief functional cells of an organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is stroma??

A

the supportive tissues in an organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is symmetry?

A

correspondence of size and shape of parts on opposite sides of a median plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Spherical Symmetry??

A

any plane passing through the centre divides the body into mirrored halves….good for floating and rolling…..some unicellular forms..rare in animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Radial Symmetry??(3)
halves?
types of animals
environment?

A
  • body divided into similar halves by more than two planes passing through the longitudinal axis…
  • most are sessile..freely floating or weakly swimming animals
  • no anterior or posterior end! meaning it can interact with the environment in all directions.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q 
Bilateral Symmetry ??(5)
division?
direction?
head?
movement?
anterior and posterior?
A

organism can be divided along a sagittal plane into two mirrored halves.

  • directional movement…aka forward
  • cephalization! head region having a [ ] of nerve tissue and sense organs
  • good for animals moving head first
  • differentiation along the anteroposterior axis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Anterior?

A

head area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Posterior?

A

tail end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Dorsal?

A

back side..upper side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ventral?

A

front or belly side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Medial?

A

midline of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Lateral?

A

sides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Distal?

A

parts farther from the middle of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Proximal?

A

parts closer to the middle of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Frontal Plane? (coronal plane)

A

divides bilateral body into dorsal and ventral halves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Sagittal Plane?

A

divides body into right and left pieces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Transverse Plane?
divides body into anterior and posterior portions
25
Body cavity??
an internal space
26
Blastula??
a layer of cells around a fluid filled cavity called a blastocel
27
Blastocel?
no external opening and therefore is not a gut...sponges stop here...and reorganize into an adult form
28
Gastrula?
one side of the blastula pushes inward making a depression...which becomes a cavity....the external opening will become the mouth or anus..
29
The cavity in the gastrula stage is called?
gastrocel
30
Endoderm?
gut lining
31
Ectoderm?
the outer layer of cells around the blastocoel
32
Mesoderm cells come from?
endoderm
33
Triploblastic?
3 germ layers
34
diploblastic?
2 germ layers...edno and ecto
35
What are the four plans for the formation of mesoderm tissue layer?
Acoelomate, Pseudocoelomate, Schizocoelous and Enterocoelous plan. The first three are for protosomes...
36
Acoelomate Plan??(3)
mesodermal cells fill up the blastocoel...making the gut the only cavity... spongy cells called parenchyma fills the space between the ectodermal epidermis and endodermal digestive tract.. transports food and disposal of metabolic waste..
37
Pseudocoelomate Plan?(2)
mesodermal cells line the outer edge of the blastocoel not filling the cavity pseudocoelom is now the blastocoel cavity...since the mesoderm does not fully surround the cavity...
38
Schizocoelous Plan?(2)
mesodermal cells fill the blastocoel making a solid band of tissue around the gut.. via programmed cell death an opening is made inside the mesodermal band...= coelom
39
Enterocoelous Plan (for deuterostomes)
cells from the central part of the gut lining grow outward as pouches...expanding into the blastocoel ring eventually enclosing a space...which is the coelom.. pinches off from the gut and binds to mesoderm on all sides.. cavities= Gut and coelom.
40
Similarities of Schizocoely and Enterocoely plans ?
functionally same coelomic cavities bind to mesoderm lined with peritoneum mesenteries suspend organs in the coelom..
41
Spiral Cleavage??
blastopore becomes the mouth, cleavage is mosaic, if a coelom is present it occurred via schizocoely.. ex: mulluscs, seg worms...
42
Radial Cleavage?
-blastopore becomes anus.. new opening becomes mouth.. cleavage= regulative coelom= enterocoely
43
Blind/incomplete gut?
food goes in and out the same way
44
Complete gut?
food goes in one way and comes out another.
45
Segmentation??
serial repetition of similar body segments along the longitudinal axis..
46
Pros of segmentation?
provides greater mobility and complexity of structure and function. it includes both internal and external structures of many systems.. ex: muscles, blood vessels, nerves and setae..
47
Metamere/somite?
single section
48
What are metazoan bodies made of?? (2)
three germ layers and extracellular components.
49
Noncellular components?
body fluids and extracellular structural elements
50
Intracellular space?
in the body, cells
51
Extracellular space?
outside cell
52
In closed vascular systems extracellular fluids are divided into?(2)
blood plasma...fluid in blood | interstitial fluid/tissue fluid- occupies the space around cells
53
Open vascular system?
more common | no true separation of blood plasma and interstitial fluids.
54
What are the four extracellular structural elements/supportive material of organisms?and what organisms are they related to?
connective tissue (all metazoa) cartilage (molluscs and chordates) bone (vertebrates) cuticle (arthropods, nematodes and annelids etc) These all provide support and protection...and storage for materials and exchange between cells.
55
Interstitial fluid plays as a medium for?
extracellular reactions
56
The germ layers give rise to four types of tissue, what are they?
connective, muscular, epithelial and nervous tissue.
57
Epithelial tissue???(4)
a sheet of cells that covers an external or internal surface.. outside body? protective coating inside? lines organs of the body cavity, ducts and passageways...also modified into glands which produce hormones enzymes or mucus..
58
What are the types of epithelial tissue??also the subgroups of the two main types.
1. Simple epithelium : squamous, cuboidal, columnar 2. Stratified Epithelium: squamous, transitional
59
Simple Squamous Epithelium ?
flattened cells that form a continuous lining of blood capillaries, lungs and other surfaces where diffusion of gases and transport of molecules in and out of cavities occurs..
60
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium?
short boxlike cells lines small ducts and tubules ex: kidneys and salivary glands secretory or absorptive functions
61
Simple Columnar Epithelium?
cells are tall and have elongated nuclei found on highly absorptive surfaces ex: intestinal tract microvilli- increase absorptive surface...some are ciliated
62
Stratified Squamous Epithelium?
two or more layers withstand abrasion and distortion basal layer of cells are always dividing..producing cells and pushing them to the surface.. lines oral cavity, esophagus and anal canal... skin! upper layers= keratin keratinized cells= no nuclei
63
Transitional Epithelium ?
accommodates great stretching! urinary tract and bladder relaxed state appears to have 4-5 layers..stretched= 2-3
64
Some common things about all epithelial tissues?
- supported by basement membrane= condensed ground substance of ct which is secreted via ep.tissue and ct. - blood vessels do not penetrate them...they rely on diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from underlining tissues.
65
Connective tissue description and what the two types ?
provide binding and supportive functions made up of few cells, many extracellular fibres and ground substance which the fibres are suspended on.(=matrix) Loose Connective Tissue (areolar) and Dense connective tissue.
66
Loose Connective Tissue?
anchors blood vessels, nerves and organs | contains fibroblasts which make fibres and ground subst ct and wandering macrophages.
67
Fibres?
collagen and thin elastic fibres formed via elastin.
68
Dense Connective Tissue?
makes tendons, ligaments and fasciae (sheets and bands) around skeletal muscle.
69
Tendons ?(DCT)
collagenous fibres are really long and tightly packed with little ground substance...many fibres of connective tissue are composed of collagen.....protein of great tensile strength found wherever flexibility and resistance are needed
70
Other examples of specialized connective tissue?
blood, lymph =vascular tissue, adipose, cartilage and bone
71
Vascular tissue?
cells in fluid ground substance..plasma! it lacks fibres under regular conditions
72
Cartilage?
semirigid tissue made up of chondrocytes located in pockets called lacunae and collagen and or elastic fibres depending on the type.
73
Hyaline Cartilage?
most common | have no blood supply therefore nutrients and waste diffuse through ground sub. via surrounding tissue.
74
``` Bone? make up? lacunae? osteocytes? communication? blood vessels? ```
strongest of vertebrate connective tissue ..made up of calcified matrix containing salts around collagen fibres. Small pockets called lacunae within the matrix contain osteocytes aka bone cells which communicate via canaliculi continuous remodelling high concentration of blood vessels in larger channels...like central canals
75
Muscular Tissue(originates via mesoderm) What are the three types?and a general description of what muscular tissue is !
-most abundant tissue in the body...muscular fibres specialize in contractions striated= transversely striped with alt dark and light bands Skeletal , Cardiac and Smooth ( Visceral) Muscle first two are vertebrate and last is invertebrate
76
Skeletal Muscle???
found in both invertebrates and vertebrates made up of long, cylindrical fibres which are multinucleate cells that reach from one end of the muscle to the other. appear= series of stripes running across them voluntary muscle ! contracts via nerve stim
77
Cardiac Muscle?
only in vertebrates hearts cells are shorter than sk muscle and have only one nucleus per cell.. branching network of fibres and individual cells interconnected via junctional discs called intercalated discs.. involuntary bc does not need nerve activity to stim contractions obliquely striated = inverts
78
Smooth (Visceral ) Muscle??
no striations of alt shades both invert and vert long tapering containing one nucleus most common type in inverts via body wall musculature and surrounds ducts and sphincters verts= surrounds blood vessels and internal organs ex: intestines and uterus . involuntary
79
Sarcoplasm?
unspecialized cytoplasm of muscles
80
Myofibrils?
contractile element in fibres
81
Nervous tissue?? | cell types? 2
reception of stimuli and conduction of impulses from one region to the next cell types? neruons- basic functional unit neuroglia- nonervous cells that insulate neuron membranes and other supportive functions....myelin sheath
82
As body size increases......what occurs?
surface area to volume ratios have important consequences for animal respiration, heat etc surface area increases as the square of body length volume increase as the cube of body length
83
A large animal has less ________ compared to its ________ that does a smaller animal. This may be inadequate for what?
surface area, volume | respiration and nutrition by cells located deep within its body.
84
Flattening or enfolding the body increases ______ seen in _______ or the _________.
surface area, flatworms, digestive tract.
85
Most animals develop internal transport systems to?
shuttle nutrients, gases and waste products as they become larger.
86
What are the benefits of being large?
buffers against environmental fluctuations provides protection against predators and promotes offensive tactics cost of maintaining body temp is less per gram of body weight than in small animals energy cost of moving a gram of body weight over a given distance is less for larger animals .
87
Energy is measured via oxygen (y axis) and weight (x axis)
the smaller the animal the high amount of O2 needed aka energy

Zoology (55 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions