Chapter 9: Architectural Pattern of an Animal Flashcards
Major body plans result from?
extensive selection and are limiting determinant of future adaptational variants
There are 34 major phyla that survived from around 100 phyla that appeared how many years ago during the cambrian explosion?
600 million years
What are the five grades of organization?
- Protoplasmic Grade of Organization
- Cellular Grade of Organization
- Cell-tissue Grade of Organization
- Tissue-Organ Grade of Organization
- Organ-Systems Grade of Organization
Protoplasmic Grade?
- unicellular organisms
- all life functions are within the boundaries of one cell
- protoplasm differentiates into organelles
ex: amoeba
Cellular Grade?
- an aggregation of cells that are functionally differentiated and a division of labour is evident.
ex: volvox and sponges
Cell-Tissue Grade?
cells of the same type group together to perform a common function..making different layers and patterns etc.
ex: Cnidarians
Tissue-Organ Grade?
- an aggregation of tissues into an organ..
- made up of more than one type
ex: flatworm…their eyespots….proboscis ex
Organ-System Grade?
- organs work together to perform some function..
- circulation, digestion, respiration etc
- ex: nemertean: complete digestive system separate from the circulatory system..
Parenchyma is what?(think organs)
the chief functional cells of an organ
What is stroma??
the supportive tissues in an organ
What is symmetry?
correspondence of size and shape of parts on opposite sides of a median plane
Spherical Symmetry??
any plane passing through the centre divides the body into mirrored halves….good for floating and rolling…..some unicellular forms..rare in animals
Radial Symmetry??(3)
halves?
types of animals
environment?
- body divided into similar halves by more than two planes passing through the longitudinal axis…
- most are sessile..freely floating or weakly swimming animals
- no anterior or posterior end! meaning it can interact with the environment in all directions.
Bilateral Symmetry ??(5) division? direction? head? movement? anterior and posterior?
organism can be divided along a sagittal plane into two mirrored halves.
- directional movement…aka forward
- cephalization! head region having a [ ] of nerve tissue and sense organs
- good for animals moving head first
- differentiation along the anteroposterior axis
Anterior?
head area
Posterior?
tail end
Dorsal?
back side..upper side
Ventral?
front or belly side
Medial?
midline of body
Lateral?
sides
Distal?
parts farther from the middle of body
Proximal?
parts closer to the middle of the body
Frontal Plane? (coronal plane)
divides bilateral body into dorsal and ventral halves
Sagittal Plane?
divides body into right and left pieces
Transverse Plane?
divides body into anterior and posterior portions
Body cavity??
an internal space
Blastula??
a layer of cells around a fluid filled cavity called a blastocel
Blastocel?
no external opening and therefore is not a gut…sponges stop here…and reorganize into an adult form
Gastrula?
one side of the blastula pushes inward making a depression…which becomes a cavity….the external opening will become the mouth or anus..
The cavity in the gastrula stage is called?
gastrocel
Endoderm?
gut lining
Ectoderm?
the outer layer of cells around the blastocoel
Mesoderm cells come from?
endoderm
Triploblastic?
3 germ layers
diploblastic?
2 germ layers…edno and ecto
What are the four plans for the formation of mesoderm tissue layer?
Acoelomate, Pseudocoelomate, Schizocoelous and Enterocoelous plan. The first three are for protosomes…
Acoelomate Plan??(3)
mesodermal cells fill up the blastocoel…making the gut the only cavity…
spongy cells called parenchyma fills the space between the ectodermal epidermis and endodermal digestive tract..
transports food and disposal of metabolic waste..
Pseudocoelomate Plan?(2)
mesodermal cells line the outer edge of the blastocoel not filling the cavity
pseudocoelom is now the blastocoel cavity…since the mesoderm does not fully surround the cavity…
Schizocoelous Plan?(2)
mesodermal cells fill the blastocoel making a solid band of tissue around the gut..
via programmed cell death an opening is made inside the mesodermal band…= coelom
Enterocoelous Plan (for deuterostomes)
cells from the central part of the gut lining grow outward as pouches…expanding into the blastocoel ring eventually enclosing a space…which is the coelom..
pinches off from the gut and binds to mesoderm on all sides..
cavities= Gut and coelom.
Similarities of Schizocoely and Enterocoely plans ?
functionally same
coelomic cavities bind to mesoderm
lined with peritoneum
mesenteries suspend organs in the coelom..
Spiral Cleavage??
blastopore becomes the mouth, cleavage is mosaic, if a coelom is present it occurred via schizocoely..
ex: mulluscs, seg worms…
Radial Cleavage?
-blastopore becomes anus..
new opening becomes mouth..
cleavage= regulative
coelom= enterocoely
Blind/incomplete gut?
food goes in and out the same way
Complete gut?
food goes in one way and comes out another.
Segmentation??
serial repetition of similar body segments along the longitudinal axis..
Pros of segmentation?
provides greater mobility and complexity of structure and function.
it includes both internal and external structures of many systems..
ex: muscles, blood vessels, nerves and setae..
Metamere/somite?
single section
What are metazoan bodies made of?? (2)
three germ layers and extracellular components.
Noncellular components?
body fluids and extracellular structural elements
Intracellular space?
in the body, cells
Extracellular space?
outside cell
In closed vascular systems extracellular fluids are divided into?(2)
blood plasma…fluid in blood
interstitial fluid/tissue fluid- occupies the space around cells
Open vascular system?
more common
no true separation of blood plasma and interstitial fluids.
What are the four extracellular structural elements/supportive material of organisms?and what organisms are they related to?
connective tissue (all metazoa)
cartilage (molluscs and chordates)
bone (vertebrates)
cuticle (arthropods, nematodes and annelids etc)
These all provide support and protection…and storage for materials and exchange between cells.
Interstitial fluid plays as a medium for?
extracellular reactions
The germ layers give rise to four types of tissue, what are they?
connective, muscular, epithelial and nervous tissue.
Epithelial tissue???(4)
a sheet of cells that covers an external or internal surface..
outside body? protective coating
inside? lines organs of the body cavity, ducts and passageways…also modified into glands which produce hormones enzymes or mucus..
What are the types of epithelial tissue??also the subgroups of the two main types.
- Simple epithelium :
squamous, cuboidal, columnar - Stratified Epithelium:
squamous, transitional
Simple Squamous Epithelium ?
flattened cells that form a continuous lining of blood capillaries, lungs and other surfaces where diffusion of gases and transport of molecules in and out of cavities occurs..
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium?
short boxlike cells
lines small ducts and tubules
ex: kidneys and salivary glands
secretory or absorptive functions
Simple Columnar Epithelium?
cells are tall and have elongated nuclei
found on highly absorptive surfaces
ex: intestinal tract
microvilli- increase absorptive surface…some are ciliated
Stratified Squamous Epithelium?
two or more layers
withstand abrasion and distortion
basal layer of cells are always dividing..producing cells and pushing them to the surface..
lines oral cavity, esophagus and anal canal…
skin!
upper layers= keratin
keratinized cells= no nuclei
Transitional Epithelium ?
accommodates great stretching!
urinary tract and bladder
relaxed state appears to have 4-5 layers..stretched= 2-3
Some common things about all epithelial tissues?
- supported by basement membrane= condensed ground substance of ct which is secreted via ep.tissue and ct.
- blood vessels do not penetrate them…they rely on diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from underlining tissues.
Connective tissue description and what the two types ?
provide binding and supportive functions
made up of few cells, many extracellular fibres and ground substance which the fibres are suspended on.(=matrix)
Loose Connective Tissue (areolar) and Dense connective tissue.
Loose Connective Tissue?
anchors blood vessels, nerves and organs
contains fibroblasts which make fibres and ground subst ct and wandering macrophages.
Fibres?
collagen and thin elastic fibres formed via elastin.
Dense Connective Tissue?
makes tendons, ligaments and fasciae (sheets and bands) around skeletal muscle.
Tendons ?(DCT)
collagenous fibres are really long and tightly packed with little ground substance…many fibres of connective tissue are composed of collagen…..protein of great tensile strength found wherever flexibility and resistance are needed
Other examples of specialized connective tissue?
blood, lymph =vascular tissue, adipose, cartilage and bone
Vascular tissue?
cells in fluid ground substance..plasma! it lacks fibres under regular conditions
Cartilage?
semirigid tissue made up of chondrocytes located in pockets called lacunae and collagen and or elastic fibres depending on the type.
Hyaline Cartilage?
most common
have no blood supply therefore nutrients and waste diffuse through ground sub. via surrounding tissue.
Bone? make up? lacunae? osteocytes? communication? blood vessels?
strongest of vertebrate connective tissue ..made up of calcified matrix containing salts around collagen fibres.
Small pockets called lacunae within the matrix contain osteocytes aka bone cells which communicate via canaliculi
continuous remodelling
high concentration of blood vessels in larger channels…like central canals
Muscular Tissue(originates via mesoderm) What are the three types?and a general description of what muscular tissue is !
-most abundant tissue in the body…muscular fibres specialize in contractions
striated= transversely striped with alt dark and light bands
Skeletal , Cardiac and Smooth ( Visceral) Muscle
first two are vertebrate and last is invertebrate
Skeletal Muscle???
found in both invertebrates and vertebrates
made up of long, cylindrical fibres which are multinucleate cells that reach from one end of the muscle to the other.
appear= series of stripes running across them
voluntary muscle ! contracts via nerve stim
Cardiac Muscle?
only in vertebrates hearts
cells are shorter than sk muscle and have only one nucleus per cell..
branching network of fibres and individual cells interconnected via junctional discs called intercalated discs..
involuntary bc does not need nerve activity to stim contractions
obliquely striated = inverts
Smooth (Visceral ) Muscle??
no striations of alt shades
both invert and vert
long tapering containing one nucleus
most common type in inverts via body wall musculature and surrounds ducts and sphincters
verts= surrounds blood vessels and internal organs ex: intestines and uterus .
involuntary
Sarcoplasm?
unspecialized cytoplasm of muscles
Myofibrils?
contractile element in fibres
Nervous tissue??
cell types? 2
reception of stimuli and conduction of impulses from one region to the next
cell types?
neruons- basic functional unit
neuroglia- nonervous cells that insulate neuron membranes and other supportive functions….myelin sheath
As body size increases……what occurs?
surface area to volume ratios have important consequences for animal respiration, heat etc
surface area increases as the square of body length
volume increase as the cube of body length
A large animal has less ________ compared to its ________ that does a smaller animal. This may be inadequate for what?
surface area, volume
respiration and nutrition by cells located deep within its body.
Flattening or enfolding the body increases ______ seen in _______ or the _________.
surface area, flatworms, digestive tract.
Most animals develop internal transport systems to?
shuttle nutrients, gases and waste products as they become larger.
What are the benefits of being large?
buffers against environmental fluctuations
provides protection against predators and promotes offensive tactics
cost of maintaining body temp is less per gram of body weight than in small animals
energy cost of moving a gram of body weight over a given distance is less for larger animals .
Energy is measured via oxygen (y axis) and weight (x axis)
the smaller the animal the high amount of O2 needed aka energy
