Chapter 9: Architectural Pattern of an Animal Flashcards
Major body plans result from?
extensive selection and are limiting determinant of future adaptational variants
There are 34 major phyla that survived from around 100 phyla that appeared how many years ago during the cambrian explosion?
600 million years
What are the five grades of organization?
- Protoplasmic Grade of Organization
- Cellular Grade of Organization
- Cell-tissue Grade of Organization
- Tissue-Organ Grade of Organization
- Organ-Systems Grade of Organization
Protoplasmic Grade?
- unicellular organisms
- all life functions are within the boundaries of one cell
- protoplasm differentiates into organelles
ex: amoeba
Cellular Grade?
- an aggregation of cells that are functionally differentiated and a division of labour is evident.
ex: volvox and sponges
Cell-Tissue Grade?
cells of the same type group together to perform a common function..making different layers and patterns etc.
ex: Cnidarians
Tissue-Organ Grade?
- an aggregation of tissues into an organ..
- made up of more than one type
ex: flatworm…their eyespots….proboscis ex
Organ-System Grade?
- organs work together to perform some function..
- circulation, digestion, respiration etc
- ex: nemertean: complete digestive system separate from the circulatory system..
Parenchyma is what?(think organs)
the chief functional cells of an organ
What is stroma??
the supportive tissues in an organ
What is symmetry?
correspondence of size and shape of parts on opposite sides of a median plane
Spherical Symmetry??
any plane passing through the centre divides the body into mirrored halves….good for floating and rolling…..some unicellular forms..rare in animals
Radial Symmetry??(3)
halves?
types of animals
environment?
- body divided into similar halves by more than two planes passing through the longitudinal axis…
- most are sessile..freely floating or weakly swimming animals
- no anterior or posterior end! meaning it can interact with the environment in all directions.
Bilateral Symmetry ??(5) division? direction? head? movement? anterior and posterior?
organism can be divided along a sagittal plane into two mirrored halves.
- directional movement…aka forward
- cephalization! head region having a [ ] of nerve tissue and sense organs
- good for animals moving head first
- differentiation along the anteroposterior axis
Anterior?
head area
Posterior?
tail end
Dorsal?
back side..upper side
Ventral?
front or belly side
Medial?
midline of body
Lateral?
sides
Distal?
parts farther from the middle of body
Proximal?
parts closer to the middle of the body
Frontal Plane? (coronal plane)
divides bilateral body into dorsal and ventral halves
Sagittal Plane?
divides body into right and left pieces
Transverse Plane?
divides body into anterior and posterior portions
Body cavity??
an internal space
Blastula??
a layer of cells around a fluid filled cavity called a blastocel
Blastocel?
no external opening and therefore is not a gut…sponges stop here…and reorganize into an adult form
Gastrula?
one side of the blastula pushes inward making a depression…which becomes a cavity….the external opening will become the mouth or anus..
The cavity in the gastrula stage is called?
gastrocel
Endoderm?
gut lining
Ectoderm?
the outer layer of cells around the blastocoel
Mesoderm cells come from?
endoderm
Triploblastic?
3 germ layers
diploblastic?
2 germ layers…edno and ecto