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Zoology > Chapter 19: phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum: Hexapoda, Class: Insecta > Flashcards

Chapter 19: phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum: Hexapoda, Class: Insecta Flashcards

1
Q

The members of this class have ___ mouth parts, however, bases of the mouthparts lie outside the ___.

A
  • ectognathous (having exterior mouthparts

- head capsule

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2
Q

Pterogotes ?

A
  • winged insects
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3
Q

Apterogotes?

A
  • wingless insects
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4
Q

These are the most abundant of all arthropods. Fossil record indicates what about this class of arthropods?What is present among modern insects?

A
  • they are a stable group

- continued evolution is present among modern insects.

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5
Q

They play a major role in __ and ___ roles with humans, and also play critical ____roles.

A
  • medical, economic

- ecological

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6
Q

_____ mouth parts (retracted within the head) and often ___ pairs of wings on the ____ region of the body are present in organisms of this class.

A
  • Ectognathous
  • 2
  • thoracic
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7
Q

Larger insects are ____.

A
  • tropical
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8
Q

They are found in nearly all habitats except where?

A
  • the sea
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9
Q

They are common in ____, ____, and ___. (water environments)

A
  • freshwater, brackish water and salt marshes
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10
Q

They are abundant in __, ___ and can be found in ___ and in ___. (terrestrial environments)

A

-soils, forest canopies, deserts, wastelands

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11
Q

Most animals and plants have insects as parasites ___and __..

A
  • internally

- externally

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12
Q

What two things makes them widely distributed ?

A
  • small size

- wings

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13
Q

They have well protected ___ which can withstand ___ conditions and are readily ____.

A
  • eggs
  • rigorous
  • dispersed
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14
Q

Wide variety of ___ and ____ adaptations gains them access to every possible niche.

A
  • structural

- behavioural

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15
Q

Most structural adaptations are present in their ___, ___, ___,___, and ___.

A
  • wings, legs, antennae, mouthparts, alimentary canal
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16
Q

They have a hard protective ___ well adapted to life in desert regions. It holds in ___ which is key for survival in dry environments.

A
  • exoskeleton

- water

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17
Q

The exoskeleton is composed of what?

A
  • complex plates or sclerites connected by hinge joints
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18
Q

What attached to sclerites allow for precise movements.

A
  • muscles
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19
Q

Rigidity is due to ____ and not ____. It allows for ___ which is a necessity for flight.

A
  • scleroproteins, not mineral matter

- - lighter body weight

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20
Q

They are more homogenous in ___ than the variable crustaceans.

A
  • tagmatization (specialized grouping of body segments into functional units)
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21
Q

Head:

  • It is usually equipped with a pair of ?
  • It also has __ pair of antennae which varies greatly in what? (3)
  • The mouthpart consists of what? (4)
A
  • large compound eyes
  • one
    L> functioning in touch, taste and hearing
  • Labrum
  • Pair of mandibles
  • Pair of maxillae
  • Labium
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22
Q

Thorax:

  • Consists of the ___, ___ and ___.
  • Each section has a pair of what?
A
  • prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax

- legs

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23
Q

Wings:
- If two pair are present ? (location)
L> They consists of a __membrane
L> Veins serve what function with wings?Pattern function as well?

A
  • mesothorax and metathorax
  • double
  • strengthen wing
  • vein pattern is used to identify insect taxas
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24
Q

Legs:

  • Walking legs end in what? (2)
  • Hindlegs of grasshoppers and crickets are enlarged for what purpose?
  • Mole crickets have front legs adapted for what?
  • Forelegs of praying mantis allow it to do what?
  • Honeybees have leg adaptations for?
A
  • terminal pads and claws
  • jumping
  • burrowing in the ground
  • allow it to grasp prey
  • collecting pollen
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25
Q

Abdomen :

  • how many segments?
  • Larval and nymphal forms may have what that may be lacking in adult forms
  • External ___ usually at the __ of the abdomen.
A
  • 9 to 11
  • abdominal appendages
  • genitalia, end
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26
Q

Variations in Body Form:

  • Land beetles are __ and __.
  • Aquatic beetles are ___.
  • Cockroaches are __ and live in __.
  • Antennae vary widely from __ to __, __ to __.
A
  • thick, shielded
  • streamlined
  • flat, crevices
  • long, short
  • plumed, knobbed
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27
Q

Locomotion: Walking

  • Insects usually walk using the __ and __ leg on one side and the __ leg on the opposite side in alteration with the reverse. This provides what?
  • A water strider has _____ that do not break the surface water tension.
A
  • 1st, last, middle, stability

- non-wetting footpads

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28
Q

Power of Flight:

  • Insect wings are not ____ with bird and flying mammal wings.
  • Insect wings are outgrowths of the __ from the ___ and __ segments.
  • Recent fossil evidence suggests insects may have evolved fully functional wings over __ years ago.
A
  • homologous
  • cuticle, mesothoracic and metathoracic
  • 400 million
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29
Q

Most flying insects have __ pairs of wings but order Diptera have how many?

A
  • 2

- 1

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30
Q

Halteres are what kind of wings?

A
  • reduced wings that provide the fly with balance during flight
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31
Q

Non-reproductive ants and termites are __.

A

wingless

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32
Q

Lice and fleas have what ?

A

lost wings

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33
Q

Modifications of wings:

  • wings for flight are?
  • The thick and horny front wings of beetles are?
  • Butterflies have wings covered in what?
  • Caddisflies have wings covered in what?
A
  • thin and membranous
  • protection
  • scales
  • hair
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34
Q

Flight muscles of insects:

  • Direct flight muscles attach to the wing how?
  • Indirect flight muscles are different how?
  • The wing is hinged on a __ that forms a __.
  • Insects cause the ___ with indirect muscles that pull the _____ downward.
  • Dragonflies and cockroaches contract direct muscles to pull the wing ___.
  • Bees, wasps and flies arch the ___ to cause the downstroke ___.
  • Beetles and grasshoppers use a combination of what to move wings?
A
  • directly
  • alter the shape of the thorax to cause wing movement
  • pleural process, fulcrum
  • upstroke, tergum (thickened dorsal plate on each segment)
  • downward
  • tergum, indirectly
  • direct and indirect muscles
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35
Q

What is Synchronous muscle control?

A
  • uses a single volley of nerve impulses to stimulate a wing stroke.
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36
Q

What is Asynchronous muscle control?

A
  • stretch antagonistic muscle and cause wing to contract in response. It requires occasional nervous stimulation.
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37
Q

Potential energy can be stored in what?

A
  • resilient tissues
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38
Q

Wing thrust:

  • Direct flight muscles
  • Fast flight
A
  • alter the angle of wings to twist leading edge to provide thrust
  • requires long, narrow wings and a strong tilt, as in dragonflies and horse flies.
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39
Q

The digestion system is comprised of what three things?

A
  • Foregut, Midgut and Hindgut
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40
Q

What is the Foregut?

  • what makes it up
  • function?
A
  • Mouth with salivary glands, esophagus, crop and gizzard.
  • some digestion but no absorption, occurs in crop as salivary enzymes mix with food.
  • gizzard grinds good before it enters the midgut
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41
Q

Midgut?

A
  • Primary site of digestion and absorption

- ceca may increase digestive and absorptive area

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42
Q

Hindgut??

A
  • primarily a site for water absorption
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43
Q

Most insects feed on plant ____ or ___ are what type of food acquirer?

A
  • tissues, juices

- herbivorous or phytophagous

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44
Q

Many caterpillars are specialized in what way with acquiring food?

A
  • specialized to eat only certain species of plants
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45
Q

Some ants and termites cultivate what for food?

A
  • fungus gardens
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46
Q

Most beetles and other insect larvae eat what? What are they classified as?

A
  • dead animals

- saprophagus

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47
Q

Many species are parasitic as ___ and or ____.

A
  • adults

- larvae

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48
Q

What is hyperparasitism?

A
  • parasitic insects having parasites
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49
Q

Parasitoids live inside a host and eventually do what?

A
  • kill the host

- this is important in pest control

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50
Q

What forms a tube to pierce tissues of animals or plants?

A
  • sucking mouthparts
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51
Q

Houseflies and blowflies have what kind of mouthparts?

A
  • sponging mouthparts

- soft lobes at the tip absorb food

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52
Q

What can biting mouth parts do?

A
  • seize and crush food
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53
Q

What kind of heart is found in insects? location? What does it move/where?

A
  • tubular heart
  • pericardial cavity
  • moves hemolymph forward through dorsal aorta
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54
Q

What kind of heartbeat is present in insects?

A
  • peristaltic wave
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55
Q

What helps move hemolymph to the legs and wings?

A
  • accessory pulsatile organs
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56
Q

What is hemolymph composed of?What does it not function in?

A
  • plasma and amebocytes

- does not function in oxygen transport in most insects

57
Q

In what kind(s) of insects does hemoglobin function in the transport of oxygen?

A
  • some insects, particularly aquatic immature in low oxygen environments.
58
Q

What dilemma are terrestrial animals faced with in regards to gas exchange?

A
  • exchanging gases while preventing water loss
59
Q

Describe the tracheal system!

A
  • network of thin walled tubes that branch throughout the insect body
  • spiracles open to the tracheal trunks
  • valves on the spiracle reduce water loss and may serve as a dust filter.
60
Q

What are tracheae composed of?

A
  • single layer of cells lined with cuticle that is shed at each molt
61
Q

What is the function of spiral thickenings of the cuticle on the trachea?

A
  • prevents it from collapsing
62
Q

What are tracheoles?

A

-trachea branch out into these fluid filled tubules that reach individual body cells.

63
Q

The trachea system provides gas transport without the use of what?

A
  • oxygen carrying pigments
64
Q

What do mosquito larvae use to snorkel surface air?

A
  • short breathing tubes
65
Q

Describe a run through of how the trachea system works?(2)

A
  • contractions of muscles in the jaw or limbs increases pressure inside the exoskeleton causing the contraction of tracheae for exhalation.
  • Muscular movements may assist in moving air in and out of air sacs.
66
Q
  • In very small insects gases are transported how?

- What about in aquatic insect nymphs?

A
  • simple diffusion

- tracheal gills or rectal gills

67
Q

Excretion and Water Balance:

Insects and spiders utilize ___ in conjunction with ___.

A
  • malpighian tubules

- rectal glands

68
Q

Malpighian tubules vary in number but join between the ___ and ___.

A
  • mid gut and hind gut
69
Q

Blind ends of the malpighian tubules float freely in the_____ bathed in____.

A
  • hemocoel

- hemolymph

70
Q

What is actively secreted into the malpighian tubules? What about the other solutes?

A
  • potassium

- they follow the gradient

71
Q

What is the main waste product of insects?

A
  • uric acid

- flows across at upper end that is mildly alkaline in the malpighian tubule

72
Q

In the lower end of the malpighian tubule potassium combines with what to be reabsorbed?

A
  • CO2
73
Q

Rectal glands reabsorb what three things?

A
  • chloride, sodium and water

- wastes pass out the body

74
Q

The nervous system of insect resembles the ns of what other group in arthropods? What is the similarity?

A
  • crustaceans, fusion of ganglia
75
Q

Sense organs:

  • Many insects have ___ sensory perception.
  • Most sense organs are ______ and located in the ____.
  • Different organs respond to what four things?
A
  • keen
  • microscopic, body wall
  • mechanical, auditory, chemical, visual and other stimuli
76
Q

Sense organs :

  • Mechanoreceptors ??
  • what kind of stimuli do they detect/ what detects them
  • distributed where?
A
  • react to touch, pressure, vibration etc. are detected by sensilla
    L> may be a single hair like seta or a complex organ.
    L> distributed widely over antennae, legs and body
77
Q 
Sense organs : 
- Auditory Reception 
L> what two kinds are there?
L> What three groups of insecta is one specialized to? 
L> organs in the leg can do what?
A
  • Sensitive setae (hair like sensilla) or tympanal organs detect airborne sounds.
  • Tympanal organs occur in Orthoptera, Hemiptera and Lepidoptera.
  • Organs in legs can detect vibrations of substrate
78
Q

Sense organs :
- Chemoreceptors
L> usually are bundles of what?located where?
L> may be located on what three parts of an insect?
L> What four things do chemoreceptors mediate?

A
  • usually bundles of sensory cell processes located in sensory pits
  • may occur on mouthparts, antennae and legs
  • some insects can detect odors several km away
  • Feeding, mating, habitat selection and host parasite relationships
79
Q

Sense organs :
- Visual reception
L> what are the two types of eyes?
L> From honeybee studies what was learned about ocelli’s function?
L>Compound eyes may contain thousands of what?Also describe these structures!
L>Describe an insects sight line and imaging

A
  • simple and compound eyes
  • ocelli monitor light intensity but do NOT form images.
  • thousands of ommatidia- structures similar to that of crustaceans
  • sight can be simultaneously in almost all directions therefore the image is myopic and fuzzy.
80
Q

In most animals how many senses are dominant?

A
  • 1 or 2
81
Q

Flying insects have higher ______ rate. A bee can distinguish ____ but cannot detect shades of __.

A 
- higher flicker fusion rate
L> distinguish 200-300 flashes per second 
aka can see very slight movements 
L> ultraviolet 
L> red
82
Q

Other senses:

  • Insects are very sensitive to what?
  • What are they also very keen at detecting? (3)
A
  • temperature, cells in their antennae and legs are especially sensitive
  • humidity, proprioception, gravity and other physical properties
83
Q

Arthropods muscles are what?

A
  • cross striated
84
Q

Strength of muscle is related to its _____ area

A
  • cross sectional
85
Q

What type of muscle is very proficient at storing a lot of energy?
ex?

A
  • elastic muscles…

- a flea can jump 100 times its length by storing energy in an elastic resilin protein.

86
Q

Reproduction:

  • Parthenogenesis occurs in what orders?
  • What type of reproduction is considered norm for insects?
A
  • hemiptera and hymenoptera

- sexual reproduction is norm

87
Q

Whats the low down on sexual attraction with Insects?

  • moths
  • fireflies
  • other methods used by various insects (3)
A
  • female moths secrete pheromones to attract males from a great distance
  • fireflies uses flashes of light to detect mates
  • some insects use sounds, colour signals and other courtship behaviours.
88
Q

Is fertilization usually internal or external?

A
  • internal
89
Q

Sperm may be released ____ or via?

A
  • directly

- packaged into spermatophores

90
Q

Spermatophores are a result of what? Are they transferred only with copulation?

A
  • result of an evolutionary transition from marine to terrestrial existence
  • can be transferred via copulation or without
91
Q
  • Females may only mate once in their life time. Why?

- Females also have options when it comes to laying eggs, what are they??

A
  • store sperm to fertilize eggs throughout her life

- they can lay a few eggs and care for their young or lay huge numbers

92
Q

Why must Butterflies and moths lay eggs on a host plant?

A
  • this is so the caterpillars can survive (food source ?)
93
Q

Whats the low down with wasps and laying their eggs?

A
  • they have to locate a very specific species that is the only host to their young for them to lay eggs in.
94
Q

With respect to metamorphosis and growth most insects change form after doing what?

A
  • hatching from an egg
95
Q

What is an instar?

A
  • stage between molts
96
Q

When do insects develop wings?

A
  • in their last stage of growth/metamorphosis
97
Q

What are the three types of metamorphosis ?

A
  • Ametabolous (Direct ) development
  • Hemimetabolous ( gradual) metamorphosis
  • Holometabolous (complete) metamorphosis
98
Q

Ametabolous Development ?

  • stages?
  • what kind of insects ?
  • ex?
A
  • stages are egg-juveniles-adult
  • wingless insects
  • EX: silverfish and spring tails have young smilar to adults except in size and sexual maturation
99
Q

Hemimetabolous Metamorphosis

  • ex?
  • what kind of metamorphosis is this?
  • what are the bud like growths?
  • stages?
A
  • gradual metamorphosis
  • young are called nymphs
  • bud like growths in early instars show where the adult wings will eventually develop
  • stages: egg-nymph-adult
  • ex: grasshoppers, cicades, mantids, true bugs, mayflies and dragon flies
100
Q

Holometabolous Metamorphosis

  • common or uncommon?
  • what does this do to physiology of the stages?
  • environment comparison of larvae and adults?
  • after several larval instars occurs what happens
A
  • complete metamorphosis (about 88% insects go this route)
  • separates the physiology of larval growth, pupal differentiation and adult reproduction
  • larva and adults often live in completely different environments (no competition)
    -after several larval instars the mouth or butterfly becomes a pupa inside a cocoon or chrysallis
    L> they often pass the winter in this stage
    -final molt occurs and the adult emerges in the spring
    -stages: egg-larva-pupa-adult
101
Q

What is Diapause?
L> Winter version?
L> summer version?

A
  • period of dormancy in the annual life cycle that is independent of conditions.
  • Hibernation
  • Estivation
102
Q

Diapause:

  • stages this occurs in?
  • what controls it?
A
  • at any stage an insect may experience this to survive adverse conditions
  • internally controlled but may be triggered by environmental cues such as day length.
103
Q

Diapause:

when does it occur?

A

-It always occurs at the end of an active growth cycle - insect is than ready for another molt.

104
Q

Diapause:

-what does it stop

A
  • once this occurs many larvae do not develop beyond it until late spring in spite of the mild temperature.
105
Q

What are three very prominent defence mechanisms ?

A
  • protective colouration, warning colouration and mimicary
106
Q

Repulsive smells and tastes are common among what groups for defence purposes?

A
  • stink bugs etc
107
Q

What does the monarch caterpillar specifically have?

A
  • poisonous substance that it acquires from its food plant known as milkweed.
108
Q

The bombardier beetle has what defence ability?

A

-irritating chemicals

109
Q

Behaviour and Communication:

  • responses to stimuli are governed by what?
  • most behaviours are made up of what?
  • is most behaviour innate/ is learning involved?
A
  • responses to the environment are governed by the physiological state of the animal and its nerve pathways
  • many behaviours are complex sequences of responses
  • most behaviour is innate but some involve simple learning.
110
Q

Pheromones, what the heck are they?

L> what are they used for? (4)

A
  • chemicals secreted by one individual to affect the behaviour another
  • attract opposite sex, trigger aggregation, fend off aggression and mark trails
111
Q

what do bees, wasps and ants use pheromones for as a defence mechanism?

A
  • to identify nestmates and signal an alarm if strangers enter the nest.
112
Q

How can pheromones be used in a practical way to monitor insect populations?

A
  • can be used to trap them
113
Q

Sound Production and Reception:

  • what three things is sound production used for?
  • ex: crickets
  • ex: male cicada
A
  • warning devices, advertisement of territory and courtship
  • chirp for courtship and aggression
  • vibrates paired membranes on abdomen to attract females
114
Q

Tactile Communication:

  • involves a variety of techniques such as? (4)
  • ex: beetles, flies and springtails use what?
  • ex: female fireflies
A
  • tapping, stroking, grasping, and antennae touching
  • bioluminescence
  • mimic another species flash patterns to attract males and then eat them
115
Q

Social Behaviour:

  • what two kinds of social groups are there? Characteristics?
  • what group is caste differentiation common among?
A
  • some social communities are temporary and uncoordinated but some are highly organized and depend on chemical and tactile communication
  • caste differentiation is common in most organized social groups.
116
Q

Dead animals are rapidly consumed by what??

A
  • fly maggots
117
Q

Insects are critical components of most what?

A
  • food chains; and an important food source for many fish and birds.
118
Q

-Harmful insects eat and destroy ___ and ___.

A
  • plants and fruits

- this requires substantial money for insect control

119
Q

What are some examples of harmful insect forest pests? (3)

A
  • bark beetles, spruce budworms, gypsy moth
120
Q

Insects also destroy what other three things?

A
  • food, clothing and property
121
Q

Medically important insects include what?

A
  • vectors for disease agents
122
Q

How many in percent of all arthropod species are parasites or micropredators?

A
  • 10%
123
Q

Warble and bot flies attack what?

A
  • humans and domestic livestock
124
Q

Malaria is carried by what?

A
  • Anopheles mosquitos , this is the most common major world disease
125
Q

Yellow fever and lymphatic filariasis are also __borne.

A
  • mosquito
126
Q

Fleas carry what disease?

A
  • Plague
127
Q

Lice carry what disease?

A
  • typhus fever?
128
Q

What is the name of the newest viral plague that is carried by mosquitos?

A
  • West Nile Virus
129
Q

Broad Spectrum insecticides? What do they do?

A
  • they damage beneficial insect populations along with targeted pests
130
Q

What can be an issue with some chemical pesticides ?

A
  • they can persist in the environment and accumulate as they move up the food chain
131
Q

Some strains of insects have evolved a resistance to what?

A
  • common insecticides
132
Q

What are some biological controls for insects?

A
  • natural agents, including diseases, to suppress an insect population
133
Q

What is Bacillus thuringiensis?

A
  • a bacterium that controls lepidopteran pests

- gene coding for the B.t. toxin has been introduced to other bacteria and transferred to crop plants.

134
Q

Some viruses and fungi are used as what?

A
  • economical pesticides
135
Q

Natural predators or parasites of insect pests can be beneficial in pest control how?

A
  • they can be raised and released to control pests
136
Q

What is a method of eradicating insect species that only mate once?

A
  • releasing sterile males
137
Q

Pheromones can ___ pests and ____ may play a role in disrupting the life cycle.

A
  • monitor, hormones
138
Q

What is integrated pest management?

A
  • combined use of all possible, practical techniques listed above, to reduce reliance on chemical insecticides
139
Q

What kind of fly is essential in Forensic Entomology?

A
  • Blowfly
    L> they can tell how long the body has been dead via the life stages of the blow fly present on the body. ( 3 larval stages, pupa and adult)

Zoology (55 decks)

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