Chapter 19: phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum: Hexapoda, Class: Insecta Flashcards
1
Q
The members of this class have ___ mouth parts, however, bases of the mouthparts lie outside the ___.
A
- ectognathous (having exterior mouthparts
- head capsule
2
Q
Pterogotes ?
A
- winged insects
3
Q
Apterogotes?
A
- wingless insects
4
Q
These are the most abundant of all arthropods. Fossil record indicates what about this class of arthropods?What is present among modern insects?
A
- they are a stable group
- continued evolution is present among modern insects.
5
Q
They play a major role in __ and ___ roles with humans, and also play critical ____roles.
A
- medical, economic
- ecological
6
Q
_____ mouth parts (retracted within the head) and often ___ pairs of wings on the ____ region of the body are present in organisms of this class.
A
- Ectognathous
- 2
- thoracic
7
Q
Larger insects are ____.
A
- tropical
8
Q
They are found in nearly all habitats except where?
A
- the sea
9
Q
They are common in ____, ____, and ___. (water environments)
A
- freshwater, brackish water and salt marshes
10
Q
They are abundant in __, ___ and can be found in ___ and in ___. (terrestrial environments)
A
-soils, forest canopies, deserts, wastelands
11
Q
Most animals and plants have insects as parasites ___and __..
A
- internally
- externally
12
Q
What two things makes them widely distributed ?
A
- small size
- wings
13
Q
They have well protected ___ which can withstand ___ conditions and are readily ____.
A
- eggs
- rigorous
- dispersed
14
Q
Wide variety of ___ and ____ adaptations gains them access to every possible niche.
A
- structural
- behavioural
15
Q
Most structural adaptations are present in their ___, ___, ___,___, and ___.
A
- wings, legs, antennae, mouthparts, alimentary canal
16
Q
They have a hard protective ___ well adapted to life in desert regions. It holds in ___ which is key for survival in dry environments.
A
- exoskeleton
- water
17
Q
The exoskeleton is composed of what?
A
- complex plates or sclerites connected by hinge joints
18
Q
What attached to sclerites allow for precise movements.
A
- muscles
19
Q
Rigidity is due to ____ and not ____. It allows for ___ which is a necessity for flight.
A
- scleroproteins, not mineral matter
- - lighter body weight
20
Q
They are more homogenous in ___ than the variable crustaceans.
A
- tagmatization (specialized grouping of body segments into functional units)
21
Q
Head:
- It is usually equipped with a pair of ?
- It also has __ pair of antennae which varies greatly in what? (3)
- The mouthpart consists of what? (4)
A
- large compound eyes
- one
L> functioning in touch, taste and hearing - Labrum
- Pair of mandibles
- Pair of maxillae
- Labium
22
Q
Thorax:
- Consists of the ___, ___ and ___.
- Each section has a pair of what?
A
- prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax
- legs
23
Q
Wings:
- If two pair are present ? (location)
L> They consists of a __membrane
L> Veins serve what function with wings?Pattern function as well?
A
- mesothorax and metathorax
- double
- strengthen wing
- vein pattern is used to identify insect taxas
24
Q
Legs:
- Walking legs end in what? (2)
- Hindlegs of grasshoppers and crickets are enlarged for what purpose?
- Mole crickets have front legs adapted for what?
- Forelegs of praying mantis allow it to do what?
- Honeybees have leg adaptations for?
A
- terminal pads and claws
- jumping
- burrowing in the ground
- allow it to grasp prey
- collecting pollen
25
Abdomen :
- how many segments?
- Larval and nymphal forms may have what that may be lacking in adult forms
- External ___ usually at the __ of the abdomen.
- 9 to 11
- abdominal appendages
- genitalia, end
26
Variations in Body Form:
- Land beetles are __ and __.
- Aquatic beetles are ___.
- Cockroaches are __ and live in __.
- Antennae vary widely from __ to __, __ to __.
- thick, shielded
- streamlined
- flat, crevices
- long, short
- plumed, knobbed
27
Locomotion: Walking
- Insects usually walk using the __ and __ leg on one side and the __ leg on the opposite side in alteration with the reverse. This provides what?
- A water strider has _____ that do not break the surface water tension.
- 1st, last, middle, stability
| - non-wetting footpads
28
Power of Flight:
- Insect wings are not ____ with bird and flying mammal wings.
- Insect wings are outgrowths of the __ from the ___ and __ segments.
- Recent fossil evidence suggests insects may have evolved fully functional wings over __ years ago.
- homologous
- cuticle, mesothoracic and metathoracic
- 400 million
29
Most flying insects have __ pairs of wings but order Diptera have how many?
- 2
| - 1
30
Halteres are what kind of wings?
- reduced wings that provide the fly with balance during flight
31
Non-reproductive ants and termites are __.
wingless
32
Lice and fleas have what ?
lost wings
33
Modifications of wings:
- wings for flight are?
- The thick and horny front wings of beetles are?
- Butterflies have wings covered in what?
- Caddisflies have wings covered in what?
- thin and membranous
- protection
- scales
- hair
34
Flight muscles of insects:
- Direct flight muscles attach to the wing how?
- Indirect flight muscles are different how?
- The wing is hinged on a __ that forms a __.
- Insects cause the ___ with indirect muscles that pull the _____ downward.
- Dragonflies and cockroaches contract direct muscles to pull the wing ___.
- Bees, wasps and flies arch the ___ to cause the downstroke ___.
- Beetles and grasshoppers use a combination of what to move wings?
- directly
- alter the shape of the thorax to cause wing movement
- pleural process, fulcrum
- upstroke, tergum (thickened dorsal plate on each segment)
- downward
- tergum, indirectly
- direct and indirect muscles
35
What is Synchronous muscle control?
- uses a single volley of nerve impulses to stimulate a wing stroke.
36
What is Asynchronous muscle control?
- stretch antagonistic muscle and cause wing to contract in response. It requires occasional nervous stimulation.
37
Potential energy can be stored in what?
- resilient tissues
38
Wing thrust:
- Direct flight muscles
- Fast flight
- alter the angle of wings to twist leading edge to provide thrust
- requires long, narrow wings and a strong tilt, as in dragonflies and horse flies.
39
The digestion system is comprised of what three things?
- Foregut, Midgut and Hindgut
40
What is the Foregut?
- what makes it up
- function?
- Mouth with salivary glands, esophagus, crop and gizzard.
- some digestion but no absorption, occurs in crop as salivary enzymes mix with food.
- gizzard grinds good before it enters the midgut
41
Midgut?
- Primary site of digestion and absorption
| - ceca may increase digestive and absorptive area
42
Hindgut??
- primarily a site for water absorption
43
Most insects feed on plant ____ or ___ are what type of food acquirer?
- tissues, juices
| - herbivorous or phytophagous
44
Many caterpillars are specialized in what way with acquiring food?
- specialized to eat only certain species of plants
45
Some ants and termites cultivate what for food?
- fungus gardens
46
Most beetles and other insect larvae eat what? What are they classified as?
- dead animals
| - saprophagus
47
Many species are parasitic as ___ and or ____.
- adults
| - larvae
48
What is hyperparasitism?
- parasitic insects having parasites
49
Parasitoids live inside a host and eventually do what?
- kill the host
| - this is important in pest control
50
What forms a tube to pierce tissues of animals or plants?
- sucking mouthparts
51
Houseflies and blowflies have what kind of mouthparts?
- sponging mouthparts
| - soft lobes at the tip absorb food
52
What can biting mouth parts do?
- seize and crush food
53
What kind of heart is found in insects? location? What does it move/where?
- tubular heart
- pericardial cavity
- moves hemolymph forward through dorsal aorta
54
What kind of heartbeat is present in insects?
- peristaltic wave
55
What helps move hemolymph to the legs and wings?
- accessory pulsatile organs
56
What is hemolymph composed of?What does it not function in?
- plasma and amebocytes
| - does not function in oxygen transport in most insects
57
In what kind(s) of insects does hemoglobin function in the transport of oxygen?
- some insects, particularly aquatic immature in low oxygen environments.
58
What dilemma are terrestrial animals faced with in regards to gas exchange?
- exchanging gases while preventing water loss
59
Describe the tracheal system!
- network of thin walled tubes that branch throughout the insect body
- spiracles open to the tracheal trunks
- valves on the spiracle reduce water loss and may serve as a dust filter.
60
What are tracheae composed of?
- single layer of cells lined with cuticle that is shed at each molt
61
What is the function of spiral thickenings of the cuticle on the trachea?
- prevents it from collapsing
62
What are tracheoles?
-trachea branch out into these fluid filled tubules that reach individual body cells.
63
The trachea system provides gas transport without the use of what?
- oxygen carrying pigments
64
What do mosquito larvae use to snorkel surface air?
- short breathing tubes
65
Describe a run through of how the trachea system works?(2)
- contractions of muscles in the jaw or limbs increases pressure inside the exoskeleton causing the contraction of tracheae for exhalation.
- Muscular movements may assist in moving air in and out of air sacs.
66
- In very small insects gases are transported how?
| - What about in aquatic insect nymphs?
- simple diffusion
| - tracheal gills or rectal gills
67
Excretion and Water Balance:
| Insects and spiders utilize ___ in conjunction with ___.
- malpighian tubules
| - rectal glands
68
Malpighian tubules vary in number but join between the ___ and ___.
- mid gut and hind gut
69
Blind ends of the malpighian tubules float freely in the_____ bathed in____.
- hemocoel
| - hemolymph
70
What is actively secreted into the malpighian tubules? What about the other solutes?
- potassium
| - they follow the gradient
71
What is the main waste product of insects?
- uric acid
| - flows across at upper end that is mildly alkaline in the malpighian tubule
72
In the lower end of the malpighian tubule potassium combines with what to be reabsorbed?
- CO2
73
Rectal glands reabsorb what three things?
- chloride, sodium and water
| - wastes pass out the body
74
The nervous system of insect resembles the ns of what other group in arthropods? What is the similarity?
- crustaceans, fusion of ganglia
75
Sense organs:
- Many insects have ___ sensory perception.
- Most sense organs are ______ and located in the ____.
- Different organs respond to what four things?
- keen
- microscopic, body wall
- mechanical, auditory, chemical, visual and other stimuli
76
Sense organs :
- Mechanoreceptors ??
- what kind of stimuli do they detect/ what detects them
- distributed where?
- react to touch, pressure, vibration etc. are detected by sensilla
L> may be a single hair like seta or a complex organ.
L> distributed widely over antennae, legs and body
77
```
Sense organs :
- Auditory Reception
L> what two kinds are there?
L> What three groups of insecta is one specialized to?
L> organs in the leg can do what?
```
- Sensitive setae (hair like sensilla) or tympanal organs detect airborne sounds.
- Tympanal organs occur in Orthoptera, Hemiptera and Lepidoptera.
- Organs in legs can detect vibrations of substrate
78
Sense organs :
- Chemoreceptors
L> usually are bundles of what?located where?
L> may be located on what three parts of an insect?
L> What four things do chemoreceptors mediate?
- usually bundles of sensory cell processes located in sensory pits
- may occur on mouthparts, antennae and legs
- some insects can detect odors several km away
- Feeding, mating, habitat selection and host parasite relationships
79
Sense organs :
- Visual reception
L> what are the two types of eyes?
L> From honeybee studies what was learned about ocelli's function?
L>Compound eyes may contain thousands of what?Also describe these structures!
L>Describe an insects sight line and imaging
- simple and compound eyes
- ocelli monitor light intensity but do NOT form images.
- thousands of ommatidia- structures similar to that of crustaceans
- sight can be simultaneously in almost all directions therefore the image is myopic and fuzzy.
80
In most animals how many senses are dominant?
- 1 or 2
81
Flying insects have higher ______ rate. A bee can distinguish ____ but cannot detect shades of __.
```
- higher flicker fusion rate
L> distinguish 200-300 flashes per second
aka can see very slight movements
L> ultraviolet
L> red
```
82
Other senses:
- Insects are very sensitive to what?
- What are they also very keen at detecting? (3)
- temperature, cells in their antennae and legs are especially sensitive
- humidity, proprioception, gravity and other physical properties
83
Arthropods muscles are what?
- cross striated
84
Strength of muscle is related to its _____ area
- cross sectional
85
What type of muscle is very proficient at storing a lot of energy?
ex?
- elastic muscles...
| - a flea can jump 100 times its length by storing energy in an elastic resilin protein.
86
Reproduction:
- Parthenogenesis occurs in what orders?
- What type of reproduction is considered norm for insects?
- hemiptera and hymenoptera
| - sexual reproduction is norm
87
Whats the low down on sexual attraction with Insects?
- moths
- fireflies
- other methods used by various insects (3)
- female moths secrete pheromones to attract males from a great distance
- fireflies uses flashes of light to detect mates
- some insects use sounds, colour signals and other courtship behaviours.
88
Is fertilization usually internal or external?
- internal
89
Sperm may be released ____ or via?
- directly
| - packaged into spermatophores
90
Spermatophores are a result of what? Are they transferred only with copulation?
- result of an evolutionary transition from marine to terrestrial existence
- can be transferred via copulation or without
91
- Females may only mate once in their life time. Why?
| - Females also have options when it comes to laying eggs, what are they??
- store sperm to fertilize eggs throughout her life
| - they can lay a few eggs and care for their young or lay huge numbers
92
Why must Butterflies and moths lay eggs on a host plant?
- this is so the caterpillars can survive (food source ?)
93
Whats the low down with wasps and laying their eggs?
- they have to locate a very specific species that is the only host to their young for them to lay eggs in.
94
With respect to metamorphosis and growth most insects change form after doing what?
- hatching from an egg
95
What is an instar?
- stage between molts
96
When do insects develop wings?
- in their last stage of growth/metamorphosis
97
What are the three types of metamorphosis ?
- Ametabolous (Direct ) development
- Hemimetabolous ( gradual) metamorphosis
- Holometabolous (complete) metamorphosis
98
Ametabolous Development ?
- stages?
- what kind of insects ?
- ex?
- stages are egg-juveniles-adult
- wingless insects
- EX: silverfish and spring tails have young smilar to adults except in size and sexual maturation
99
Hemimetabolous Metamorphosis
- ex?
- what kind of metamorphosis is this?
- what are the bud like growths?
- stages?
- gradual metamorphosis
- young are called nymphs
- bud like growths in early instars show where the adult wings will eventually develop
- stages: egg-nymph-adult
- ex: grasshoppers, cicades, mantids, true bugs, mayflies and dragon flies
100
Holometabolous Metamorphosis
- common or uncommon?
- what does this do to physiology of the stages?
- environment comparison of larvae and adults?
- after several larval instars occurs what happens
- complete metamorphosis (about 88% insects go this route)
- separates the physiology of larval growth, pupal differentiation and adult reproduction
- larva and adults often live in completely different environments (no competition)
-after several larval instars the mouth or butterfly becomes a pupa inside a cocoon or chrysallis
L> they often pass the winter in this stage
-final molt occurs and the adult emerges in the spring
-stages: egg-larva-pupa-adult
101
What is Diapause?
L> Winter version?
L> summer version?
- period of dormancy in the annual life cycle that is independent of conditions.
- Hibernation
- Estivation
102
Diapause:
- stages this occurs in?
- what controls it?
- at any stage an insect may experience this to survive adverse conditions
- internally controlled but may be triggered by environmental cues such as day length.
103
Diapause:
| when does it occur?
-It always occurs at the end of an active growth cycle - insect is than ready for another molt.
104
Diapause:
| -what does it stop
- once this occurs many larvae do not develop beyond it until late spring in spite of the mild temperature.
105
What are three very prominent defence mechanisms ?
- protective colouration, warning colouration and mimicary
106
Repulsive smells and tastes are common among what groups for defence purposes?
- stink bugs etc
107
What does the monarch caterpillar specifically have?
- poisonous substance that it acquires from its food plant known as milkweed.
108
The bombardier beetle has what defence ability?
-irritating chemicals
109
Behaviour and Communication:
- responses to stimuli are governed by what?
- most behaviours are made up of what?
- is most behaviour innate/ is learning involved?
- responses to the environment are governed by the physiological state of the animal and its nerve pathways
- many behaviours are complex sequences of responses
- most behaviour is innate but some involve simple learning.
110
Pheromones, what the heck are they?
| L> what are they used for? (4)
- chemicals secreted by one individual to affect the behaviour another
- attract opposite sex, trigger aggregation, fend off aggression and mark trails
111
what do bees, wasps and ants use pheromones for as a defence mechanism?
- to identify nestmates and signal an alarm if strangers enter the nest.
112
How can pheromones be used in a practical way to monitor insect populations?
- can be used to trap them
113
Sound Production and Reception:
- what three things is sound production used for?
- ex: crickets
- ex: male cicada
- warning devices, advertisement of territory and courtship
- chirp for courtship and aggression
- vibrates paired membranes on abdomen to attract females
114
Tactile Communication:
- involves a variety of techniques such as? (4)
- ex: beetles, flies and springtails use what?
- ex: female fireflies
- tapping, stroking, grasping, and antennae touching
- bioluminescence
- mimic another species flash patterns to attract males and then eat them
115
Social Behaviour:
- what two kinds of social groups are there? Characteristics?
- what group is caste differentiation common among?
- some social communities are temporary and uncoordinated but some are highly organized and depend on chemical and tactile communication
- caste differentiation is common in most organized social groups.
116
Dead animals are rapidly consumed by what??
- fly maggots
117
Insects are critical components of most what?
- food chains; and an important food source for many fish and birds.
118
-Harmful insects eat and destroy ___ and ___.
- plants and fruits
| - this requires substantial money for insect control
119
What are some examples of harmful insect forest pests? (3)
- bark beetles, spruce budworms, gypsy moth
120
Insects also destroy what other three things?
- food, clothing and property
121
Medically important insects include what?
- vectors for disease agents
122
How many in percent of all arthropod species are parasites or micropredators?
- 10%
123
Warble and bot flies attack what?
- humans and domestic livestock
124
Malaria is carried by what?
- Anopheles mosquitos , this is the most common major world disease
125
Yellow fever and lymphatic filariasis are also __borne.
- mosquito
126
Fleas carry what disease?
- Plague
127
Lice carry what disease?
- typhus fever?
128
What is the name of the newest viral plague that is carried by mosquitos?
- West Nile Virus
129
Broad Spectrum insecticides? What do they do?
- they damage beneficial insect populations along with targeted pests
130
What can be an issue with some chemical pesticides ?
- they can persist in the environment and accumulate as they move up the food chain
131
Some strains of insects have evolved a resistance to what?
- common insecticides
132
What are some biological controls for insects?
- natural agents, including diseases, to suppress an insect population
133
What is Bacillus thuringiensis?
- a bacterium that controls lepidopteran pests
| - gene coding for the B.t. toxin has been introduced to other bacteria and transferred to crop plants.
134
Some viruses and fungi are used as what?
- economical pesticides
135
Natural predators or parasites of insect pests can be beneficial in pest control how?
- they can be raised and released to control pests
136
What is a method of eradicating insect species that only mate once?
- releasing sterile males
137
Pheromones can ___ pests and ____ may play a role in disrupting the life cycle.
- monitor, hormones
138
What is integrated pest management?
- combined use of all possible, practical techniques listed above, to reduce reliance on chemical insecticides
139
What kind of fly is essential in Forensic Entomology?
- Blowfly
L> they can tell how long the body has been dead via the life stages of the blow fly present on the body. ( 3 larval stages, pupa and adult)
