Chapter 28: Mammals Flashcards
1
Q
Are they covered with hair?
A
yes
2
Q
What is the integument ?
A
- sweat, scent, sebaceous and mammary glands
3
Q
How many occipital condyles do they have?
A
- 2
4
Q
They have a secondary palate with what kind of bones?
A
- turbinate bones ( spongy nasal passages)
5
Q
What are the 3 middle ear bones or ossicles?
A
- Malleus
- Incus
- Stapes
6
Q
What kind of dentition do they have?
A
- diphyodont
L> two sets of teeth!
L> deciduous (milk teeth)
L> Permanent (adult teeth)
7
Q
How many cervical vertebrae ?
A
- 7
8
Q
What is the name of the single bone in the jaw?
A
- dentary
9
Q
What are pinnae?
A
- fleshy external ears
10
Q
They have ___ eyelids
A
moveable
11
Q
They possess a __ aortic arch and ____ RBC
A
- left
- nonnucleated
12
Q
They have a ___ developed cerebral cortex
A
highly
13
Q
How many pairs of cranial nerves?
A
- 12
14
Q
What type(s) of thermoregulation do they can possess ?
A
- endothermic (generates heat to maintain its body temperature typically above its external surroundings aka warm blooded)
- homeothermic ( stable internal body temp regardless of external influences)
15
Q
Explain the integument of mammals!
A
- epidermis and dermis and skin is thicker than what is seen in most other verts
L> Hair, vibrasse (whiskers), horns (cows and sheep), antlers (deer) and glands
16
Q
What are the four types of teeth?
A
- Incisors, canines, premolars and molars
-
17
Q
What type of feeding classifications can they possess?
A
- herbivorous, insectivorous, carnivorous, and omnivorous all reflected by length of intestinal tract.
18
Q
Herbivores can be further broken down into what two classifications?
A
- ruminants
- nonruminants ( horses, elephants, rodents)
19
Q
What are Ruminants?
A
- four chambered stomach
- found in cattle, bison, antelopes , sheep and deer
- food passes into rumen and forms into small balls called cud
- it then passes into other chambers to be broken down by microorganisms
20
Q
After the cud is broken down into pulp in the rumen it passes to where? (3)
A
- reticulum
- omasum where water, soluble food and microbial products are absorbed
- abomasum (true stomach acid) and small intestine where normal digestion takes place
21
Q
Reproductive Patterns:
- Monotremes
A
- egg laying or oviparous
- embryos develop in uterus for 10-12 days
- nourished by yolk and secretions from mother
- thin shell formed prior to egg being laid
- hatch in 12 days
- young feed on milk secreted from mammary glands
22
Q
Reproductive Patterns: - Marsupials L> what kind of organisms? L> placenta yay or nay? L> embryo run through! L> What's diapause?
A
- pouched, viviparous animals (metatheria- all living animals with abdominal pouches)
- primitive type of placental connect called choriovitelline (yolk sac)
- embryos do not implant in uterus but produce shallow depression and absorb nutrients
- have embryonic diapause ( period of arrest in development for about 235 days)
23
Q
Reproductive Patterns:
- Eutherians aka?
A
- placental mammals
- prolonged gestation compared to other mammals
- nourished initially by the Choriovitelline placenta and later by chorioallantoic type of placenta
- prolonged lactation
24
Q
What type of skull do they have?
A
synapsid aka one temporal opening
25
What was the name of the earliest synapsids? The only group of them to survive the Paleozoic era.
- Pelycosaurs
| - Therapsids (early pelycosaurs carnivores)
26
Cynodont?
therapsids that survived the Mesozoic era , increased jaw musculature permitting a stronger bite , heterodont teeth
27
Heterodont teeth?
- better food processing
- diverse foods
- more than one type of tooth!
28
Diaphragm?
- only animals that have this
| - contracts and relaxes during inhalation and exhalation to accommodates and expel air from the body
29
What does deciduous mean?
falling of or shed at a specific season or stage of growth (antlers, teeth etc)
30
Two kinds of hair?
Pelage(fur coat)
1. Underhair: dense and soft, insulation
2. Guard hair: coarse and longer, for protection against wear and to provide colouration
31
Velvet skin?
- antlers develop beneath this.....they are shed by rubbing against trees and than the antlers grow through during mating season
32
True horns?
- sheep and cattle (Bovidae)
| - hollow sheaths embracing a core of bone from the skill, they do not shed, grow continuously and in both sexes!
33
Insectivorous mammals?
- eat insects as well as small invertebrates
34
herbivorous mammals can be divided into two categories! what are they ?
1. Browsers and Grazers...hoofed animals
| 2. Gnawers: rodents and rabbits and hairs
35
What are the different types of glands (6)
- Sweat glands
- Eccrine glands
- Apocrine glands
- Scent glands
- Sebaceous glands
- Mammary glands
36
Sweat glands?
- found all over body
- tubular
- two kinds! Eccrine and Apocrine
37
Eccrine Glands? (sweat gland type)
- secrete watery fluid, if evaporated draws heat away from skin and cools it.
38
Apocrine glands? (sweat gland type)
- larger
- open into hair follicle
- milky fluids, whitish or yellow in colour dry on skin to form film
- regulates reproductive behaviour not heat
39
Scent glands?
- used for communication of the same species
- marking territory
- emit strong scents during mating seasons for attracting opposite sex
40
Sebaceous glands?
- hair follicle association
- dressing to keep skin and hair pliable and glossy
- polite fat = sebum
41
Mammary glands?
- female mammals
- rudimentary form in males
- forms a milk line
42
Homodont?
dentition of first synapsids \
| - all the same teeth
43
Incisors are for?
- snipping or biting
44
Canines are for ?
- piercing
45
Premolars are for?
- shearing, slicing, crushing or grinding
46
Molars are for?
shearing, slicing, crushing or grinding
47
Cecum is for?
fermentation occurs here
| - side pocket off of colon
48
Coprophagy?
-when an organism eats their fecal pellets giving the food a second pass through the gut to extract additional nutrients.
(rodents and rabbits do this)
49
Estrous?
- being in a state of heat
- when females copulate with males
- only time!
50
Monestrous?
-single estrous cycle during their breeding season
51
Polyestrous?
- recurrence of estrous during breeding season
52
Humans and old world monkeys do not go by estrous but by?
- menstruation, endometrium of uterus collapses and is discharged with some blood through the uterus.
