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Zoology > Chapter 28: Mammals > Flashcards

Chapter 28: Mammals Flashcards

1
Q

Are they covered with hair?

A

yes

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2
Q

What is the integument ?

A
  • sweat, scent, sebaceous and mammary glands
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3
Q

How many occipital condyles do they have?

A
  • 2
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4
Q

They have a secondary palate with what kind of bones?

A
  • turbinate bones ( spongy nasal passages)
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5
Q

What are the 3 middle ear bones or ossicles?

A
  • Malleus
  • Incus
  • Stapes
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6
Q

What kind of dentition do they have?

A
  • diphyodont
    L> two sets of teeth!
    L> deciduous (milk teeth)
    L> Permanent (adult teeth)
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7
Q

How many cervical vertebrae ?

A
  • 7
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8
Q

What is the name of the single bone in the jaw?

A
  • dentary
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9
Q

What are pinnae?

A
  • fleshy external ears
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10
Q

They have ___ eyelids

A

moveable

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11
Q

They possess a __ aortic arch and ____ RBC

A
  • left

- nonnucleated

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12
Q

They have a ___ developed cerebral cortex

A

highly

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13
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves?

A
  • 12
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14
Q

What type(s) of thermoregulation do they can possess ?

A
  • endothermic (generates heat to maintain its body temperature typically above its external surroundings aka warm blooded)
  • homeothermic ( stable internal body temp regardless of external influences)
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15
Q

Explain the integument of mammals!

A
  • epidermis and dermis and skin is thicker than what is seen in most other verts
    L> Hair, vibrasse (whiskers), horns (cows and sheep), antlers (deer) and glands
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16
Q

What are the four types of teeth?

A
  • Incisors, canines, premolars and molars

-

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17
Q

What type of feeding classifications can they possess?

A
  • herbivorous, insectivorous, carnivorous, and omnivorous all reflected by length of intestinal tract.
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18
Q

Herbivores can be further broken down into what two classifications?

A
  • ruminants

- nonruminants ( horses, elephants, rodents)

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19
Q

What are Ruminants?

A
  • four chambered stomach
  • found in cattle, bison, antelopes , sheep and deer
  • food passes into rumen and forms into small balls called cud
  • it then passes into other chambers to be broken down by microorganisms
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20
Q

After the cud is broken down into pulp in the rumen it passes to where? (3)

A
  • reticulum
  • omasum where water, soluble food and microbial products are absorbed
  • abomasum (true stomach acid) and small intestine where normal digestion takes place
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21
Q

Reproductive Patterns:

- Monotremes

A
  • egg laying or oviparous
  • embryos develop in uterus for 10-12 days
  • nourished by yolk and secretions from mother
  • thin shell formed prior to egg being laid
  • hatch in 12 days
  • young feed on milk secreted from mammary glands
22
Q 
Reproductive Patterns: 
- Marsupials 
L> what kind of organisms?
L> placenta yay or nay?
L> embryo run through!
L> What's diapause?
A
  • pouched, viviparous animals (metatheria- all living animals with abdominal pouches)
  • primitive type of placental connect called choriovitelline (yolk sac)
  • embryos do not implant in uterus but produce shallow depression and absorb nutrients
  • have embryonic diapause ( period of arrest in development for about 235 days)
23
Q

Reproductive Patterns:

- Eutherians aka?

A
  • placental mammals
  • prolonged gestation compared to other mammals
  • nourished initially by the Choriovitelline placenta and later by chorioallantoic type of placenta
  • prolonged lactation
24
Q

What type of skull do they have?

A

synapsid aka one temporal opening

25
Q

What was the name of the earliest synapsids? The only group of them to survive the Paleozoic era.

A
  • Pelycosaurs

- Therapsids (early pelycosaurs carnivores)

26
Q

Cynodont?

A

therapsids that survived the Mesozoic era , increased jaw musculature permitting a stronger bite , heterodont teeth

27
Q

Heterodont teeth?

A
  • better food processing
  • diverse foods
  • more than one type of tooth!
28
Q

Diaphragm?

A
  • only animals that have this

- contracts and relaxes during inhalation and exhalation to accommodates and expel air from the body

29
Q

What does deciduous mean?

A

falling of or shed at a specific season or stage of growth (antlers, teeth etc)

30
Q

Two kinds of hair?

A

Pelage(fur coat)

  1. Underhair: dense and soft, insulation
  2. Guard hair: coarse and longer, for protection against wear and to provide colouration
31
Q

Velvet skin?

A
  • antlers develop beneath this…..they are shed by rubbing against trees and than the antlers grow through during mating season
32
Q

True horns?

A
  • sheep and cattle (Bovidae)

- hollow sheaths embracing a core of bone from the skill, they do not shed, grow continuously and in both sexes!

33
Q

Insectivorous mammals?

A
  • eat insects as well as small invertebrates
34
Q

herbivorous mammals can be divided into two categories! what are they ?

A
  1. Browsers and Grazers…hoofed animals

2. Gnawers: rodents and rabbits and hairs

35
Q

What are the different types of glands (6)

A
  • Sweat glands
  • Eccrine glands
  • Apocrine glands
  • Scent glands
  • Sebaceous glands
  • Mammary glands
36
Q

Sweat glands?

A
  • found all over body
  • tubular
  • two kinds! Eccrine and Apocrine
37
Q

Eccrine Glands? (sweat gland type)

A
  • secrete watery fluid, if evaporated draws heat away from skin and cools it.
38
Q

Apocrine glands? (sweat gland type)

A
  • larger
  • open into hair follicle
  • milky fluids, whitish or yellow in colour dry on skin to form film
  • regulates reproductive behaviour not heat
39
Q

Scent glands?

A
  • used for communication of the same species
  • marking territory
  • emit strong scents during mating seasons for attracting opposite sex
40
Q

Sebaceous glands?

A
  • hair follicle association
  • dressing to keep skin and hair pliable and glossy
  • polite fat = sebum
41
Q

Mammary glands?

A
  • female mammals
  • rudimentary form in males
  • forms a milk line
42
Q

Homodont?

A

dentition of first synapsids \

- all the same teeth

43
Q

Incisors are for?

A
  • snipping or biting
44
Q

Canines are for ?

A
  • piercing
45
Q

Premolars are for?

A
  • shearing, slicing, crushing or grinding
46
Q

Molars are for?

A

shearing, slicing, crushing or grinding

47
Q

Cecum is for?

A

fermentation occurs here

- side pocket off of colon

48
Q

Coprophagy?

A

-when an organism eats their fecal pellets giving the food a second pass through the gut to extract additional nutrients.
(rodents and rabbits do this)

49
Q

Estrous?

A
  • being in a state of heat
  • when females copulate with males
  • only time!
50
Q

Monestrous?

A

-single estrous cycle during their breeding season

51
Q

Polyestrous?

A
  • recurrence of estrous during breeding season
52
Q

Humans and old world monkeys do not go by estrous but by?

A
  • menstruation, endometrium of uterus collapses and is discharged with some blood through the uterus.

Zoology (55 decks)

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