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Zoology > Chapter 19: Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum: Crustacean > Flashcards

Chapter 19: Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum: Crustacean Flashcards

1
Q

Probably the most abundant animals in the world are members of the copepod genus ___.

A

Calanus

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2
Q

What is a main distinguishing characteristic of Crustaceans?

A
  • two pairs of antennae
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3
Q

Their head has a pair of ___ and two pairs of ___.

A
  • mandible, maxillae
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4
Q

There is one pair of ____ on each of the additional segments. Some segments may lack ___. All appendages, except perhaps the first antennae are all _____.

A
  • appendages, appendages

- biramous

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5
Q

What does biramous mean?

A

-limbs branch into two, and each branch consists of a series of segments attached end-to-end.

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6
Q

Primitive crustaceans may have up to __ segments, derived crustaceans tend to have ___.

A
  • 60

- fewer

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7
Q

Tagmata are usually __, ___ and __. They are not ___ across taxa.

A
  • thoracic, thorax and abdomen

- homologous

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8
Q

In most one or more thoracic segments are ___ with the head asa __.

A
  • fused

- cephalothorax

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9
Q

Arrangement of tagmata in Malcostraca is the ancestral plan meaning what?

A
  • head has five fused somites
  • thorax has eight
  • abdomen has six
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10
Q

The anterior end is a non-segmented ___.

A

Rostrum

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11
Q

What forms the tail?

A
  • telson (posterior most division of an arthropod) , last abdominal somite, uropods
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12
Q

The dorsal covering is called what?Which may cover how much of the body ?

A
  • carapace

- most of the body or just the cephalothorax

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13
Q

The secreted cuticle is made of what? (3)

A
  • chitin, protein, calcareous deposits
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14
Q

The joints are soft and thin allowing what?

A
  • flexibility
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15
Q

Some crustaceans have appendages on each ___, others may not bear appendages on abdominal __.

A
  • somites, somites
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16
Q

Somite specialization is based on what basic plan?

A
  • biramous plan
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17
Q

Appendages represent serial ____. They have evolved a wide variety of ___, ___, __ etc from modification of the basic ___ appendage.

A
  • walking legs
  • mouth parts
  • swimmerets
  • biramous
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18
Q

Muscular and nervous systems and segmentation exhibit ___ of annelid like ancestors.

A
  • metamerism
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19
Q

They have a hemocoel. What does this mean for it’s body cavity?(3)

A
  • Persistent blastocoel that becomes filled with blood
  • coelomic compartments remain as end sacs of excretory organs and gonads
  • coelomates only in technical sense of the term.
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20
Q

What kind of muscles make up a major portion of the crustacean body.

A
  • striated muscles
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21
Q

Most muscles are arranged as ____ groups. ___ draw a limb toward the body and ___ straighten out the limb.

A
  • antagonistic groups
  • flexors
  • extensors
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22
Q

What muscles of the crayfish allow them to swim backwards?

A
  • abdominal flexors
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23
Q

What’s the location of the strong muscles that control the mandibles of a crustacean?

A
  • each side of the stomach
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24
Q

Smaller crustaceans may exchange gasses how?

A
  • across thinner areas of cuticle
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25
Q

How do larger crustaceans exchange gasses?

A
  • featherlike gills
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26
Q

What overlaps the gill cavity leaving anterior and posterior openings?

A
  • Decapod carapace
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27
Q

What part of the second maxilla draws water over gill filaments?

A
  • Bailer
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28
Q

Gills may project from ___, the articulation of ___ or ___.

A
  • pleural wall, thoracic legs, or thoracic coxae
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29
Q

What kind of circulatory system do they possess?

A
  • open circulatory system
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30
Q

They do not have a system of ___ to separate blood from ___.

A
  • veins

- interstitial fluid

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31
Q

What exits the heart via arteries?

A
  • hemolymph
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32
Q

Hemolymph passes to the ___ to return to the heart via ___.

A
  • hemocoel

- sinuses

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33
Q

They possess a __ aorta. Which is a __ chambered sac of __ muscle.

A
  • dorsal
  • single
  • striated
34
Q

Valves in the arteries prevent what?

A
  • back flow of hemolymph
35
Q

Hemolymph is conducted to ___, if present for __ and ___ exchange.

A
  • gills
  • oxygen
  • carbon dioxide
36
Q

In terms of colour hemolymph may be ___ or, ___, ___. It contains ___ that help prevent clotting .

A
  • colourless, reddish, bluish

- ameboid cells

37
Q

Hemocyanin and or hemoglobin are ______.

A
  • respiratory pigments
38
Q

Antennal or maxillary glands also called green glands in decapods do what for crustaceans? What do they consist of?

A
  • function in excretion of wastes

- end sac, labyrinth, tubule and a bladder which leads to the outside

39
Q

Hydrostatic pressure within a hemocoel provides a force for ___ of fluid into the ___ of the excretory glands.

A
  • filtration

- end sac

40
Q

Resorption of salts and amino acids occurs as the filtrate passes through the ___ and ___. Which mainly regulates the __ and __ composition of body fluids.

A
  • excretory tubule, bladder

- ionic, osmotic

41
Q

Freshwater crustaceans are constantly threatened by what? What must the gills do ?

A

over dilution with water

- gills must actively absorb Na + and Cl-

42
Q

Marine crustaceans have urine that is ____ with blood.

A
  • isosmotic ( having the same osmotic pressure)
43
Q

What is excreted across thin areas of cuticle in the gills?

A
  • Nitrogenous wastes
44
Q

Crustaceans have more fused ___ than any other arthropod.

A

ganglia

45
Q

A pair of _____ connects to eyes and two pairs of antennae.

A
  • supra-esophageal ganglia
46
Q

____ join the supra-esophageal ganglia to the ____. It supplies nerves to the ___, ___, ___ and ___.

A
  • neuron connectives
  • subesophageal ganglia
  • mouth, appendages, esophagus and antennal glands.
47
Q

They possess a ___ nerve cord which has a pair of __ for each somite to control appendages.

A
  • double ventral nerve cord

- ganglia

48
Q

What are the largest sensory organs in crustaceans?

A
  • eyes and statocysts.
49
Q

Tactile hairs occur n the body, especially on __, __ and ___.

A
  • chelae (pincerlike claw)
  • mouthparts
  • telson
50
Q

Chemical sensing of taste and smell occurs where?

A
  • in hairs on antennae and mouth
51
Q

Statocyst opens at the base of the ____ in crayfish. The statocyst is lined with ___ which detect the position of grains of sand.

A
  • first antenna

- sensory hairs

52
Q

Compound eyes are made up of many units called what?

A
  • Ommatidia
53
Q

Compound eyes:

  • What does the cornea do?
  • What forms a sleeve around each ommatidium
  • Each ommatidium detects what?
  • In dim light the distal and proximal pigments do what?
A
  • focuses light down the columnar ommatidium
  • distal retinal, proximal retinal, and reflecting cells
  • detects a restricted area of objects, a mosaic, in bright light
  • separate and produce a continuous image
54
Q

Most crustaceans brood (incubation) eggs in ____, in ___ attached to the ___ or attached to ___.

A
  • brood chambers
  • brood sacs
  • abdomen
  • abdominal appendage’s
55
Q

Most crustaceans have a larva ___ the adult in form, and undergo ____.

A
  • unlike

- metamorphosis

56
Q

The ___ is a common larval form with a uniramous ____ and ___ that aid id in swimming. What are added via a series of molts?

A
  • Nauplius
  • first antennae
  • mandibles
  • appendages
57
Q

What is necessary for crustaceans to go through in order to increase in size since ___ does not grow?

A
  • Ecdysos ( molting)

- exoskeleton

58
Q

The physiology of molting affects what three things?(3)

A
  • reproduction, behaviour and many metabolic processes.
59
Q

What secretes the cuticle?

A
  • underlying epidermis
60
Q

What is the outermost epicuticle made of?

A
  • very thin lipid impregnated protein
61
Q

Most of the cuticle is composed of several layers of?

A
  • procuticle
62
Q

The exocuticle, beneath the epicuticle, contains what three things?

A
  • protein, calcium salts and chitin
63
Q

The endocuticle has a heavily calcified ___ layer and an uncalcified ___ layer.

A
  • principle

- membranous

64
Q

Molting animals how in what phase of molting?

A
  • intermolt phases or instars
65
Q

Soft tissue ___ in size until there is ___space within the cuticle.

A
  • increases

- no

66
Q

When the body fills with cuticle what phase is the animal in before molting occurs.

A
  • premolt phase
67
Q

Before molting occurs ___ enlarge.

A
  • epidermal cells
68
Q

During the molting process Crustaceans secrete a new ___ and then begin secreting a new ___.

A
  • epicuticle

- exocuticle

69
Q

What are released into the area above the new epicuticle that dissolves the old endocuticle?

A
  • enzymes
70
Q

When only the old exocuticle and epicuticle remain the animal does what to expand and burst the old cuticle?

A

swallows water

71
Q

After the old cuticle is shed , softs new cuticle stretches and then hardens with the deposition of what?

A
  • inorganic salts
72
Q

Molting often occurs in ___ and may cease in ___.

A
  • young animals

- old animals

73
Q

Hormonal control of Ecdysis :

  • What can trigger the central nervous system to to begin ecdysis?
  • The central nervous system will decrease the molt inhibiting hormone which is produced by the __.
  • While promoting release of molting hormone from the ___ which promotes ecdysis.
A
  • temperature, day length, or other stimuli
  • x-organ
  • y-organ
74
Q

Removing what will accelerate molting and prevent colour changes to match the background.

A
  • eyestalks
75
Q

Hormones from neurosecretory cells in the eyestalk control dispersal of ___.

A
  • cell pigment
76
Q

Neurosecretions from ____ stimulate increase in heartbeat.

A
  • pericardial organs
77
Q

Suspension feeders generate _____ in order to feed on plankton, detritus, and bacteria.

A
  • water currents
78
Q

Predators consume what?(5)

A
  • larvae, worms, crustaceans, snails and fishes
79
Q

Scavengers eat ___ and ___.

A
  • dead animals and plant matter
80
Q

Crayfishes have a ___ stomach. Gastric mill grind up food in the ____.

A
  • two part stomach

- first compartment.

81
Q

Phylogeny and Adaptive diversification?

  • Crustaceans re unquestionably the ___ arthropod in marine environments.
  • They ale share dominance in ___ with insects
  • The class Malacostraca is the most ___ and members of ___ are the most abundant.
  • Copepods are particularly successful as ___ of both __ and __.
A
  • dominant
  • fresh water environments
  • abundant
  • Copepoda
  • parasites, vertebrates, invertebrates

Zoology (55 decks)

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