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Zoology > Chapter 18: Superphylum Ecdysozoans, Phylum: Nematoda - Roundworms > Flashcards

Chapter 18: Superphylum Ecdysozoans, Phylum: Nematoda - Roundworms Flashcards

1
Q

Many prefer what name for this phylum?

A

-Nemata

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2
Q

They are found in virtually all habitats in all biomes. The top soil may contain ____ per acre. Nematode parasites exist in nearly all ___ and ___ species.

A
  • billions
  • animal
  • plant
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3
Q

Free-living nematodes feed on what four things?

A
  • bacteria, yeast, fungal hyphae and algae
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4
Q

Predatory nematodes feed on what four things?

A
  • rotifers, tardigrades, small annelids and other nematodes
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5
Q

They are important as food for what four things?

A
  • insects, mites, larvae and fungi
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6
Q

Those in phylum Nematoda have a ____ shape and a ____ cuticle.

A
  • cylindrical, nonliving
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7
Q

One of the characteristics used for placing the nematodes in the superhylum is that the cuticle is shed during _____ stages.

A
  • juvenile growth
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8
Q

They lack ___ or ___ except for one species.

A
  • motile cilia or flagella
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9
Q

There is only ____ present in the body wall which contribute to the thrashing movement seen in this phylum.

A
  • longitudinal muscles
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10
Q

They express eutely which means what?

A
  • they have a fixed number of somatic cells once maturity is met, further growth is only seen via cell enlargement not division.
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11
Q

They lack _______ (hint: aid in excretion). The pharynx is ___. The outer, thick, noncellular cuticle is secreted by underlying ____.

A
  • protonephridia
  • muscular
  • hypodermis
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12
Q

The hypodermic is ____ with nuclei located in four hypo dermal cords projecting inward.

A
  • synctyial ( mass of multinucleated cytoplasm not divided into other individual cells)
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13
Q

They possess dorsal and ventral ____ cords with nerves. The lateral cords have ____ canals.

A
  • hypodermal

- excretory

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14
Q

The cuticle has layers of crisscrossing ___, providing elasticity but restricting expansion.

A
  • collagen
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15
Q

The longitudinal muscles lie beneath the ____. What is absent?

A
  • cuticle

L> circular muscles

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16
Q

The longitudinal muscles run in __ bands, marked off by hypodermal cords. Each muscle has a ____ fibrillar portion and a ____ sarcoplasmic portion. The sarcoplasmic cell body extends into the ___ and stores ____.

A
  • four
  • contractile
  • noncontractile
  • pseudocoel , glycogen
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17
Q

Unlike in other animals, the cell body process or muscle arm extends to the ____ or _____.

A

ventral, dorsal nerve

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18
Q

Compressing and stretching of the ____ eturns the body to resting position when muscles relax.

A
  • cuticle
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19
Q

Digestion:

The alimentary canal consists of the ___, ___, ___,___, and ___.

A
  • mouth, pharynx, non muscular intestine, short rectum and anus
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20
Q

The pharynx does what?

A
  • sucks food in
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21
Q

The intestinal wall is __ thick. The food moves ___ as new food enters and the body moves.

A

-one cell, back

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22
Q

Defecation occurs from opening the ___ and allowing ______ pressure to expel waste.

A
  • anal

- pseudocoelomic

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23
Q

Some parasitic adults have an _____ metabolism without the _____ and ____.

A
  • anaerobic
  • krebs cycle
  • cytochrome system (electron transport)
24
Q

Free-living nematodes and free-living stages of parasitic nematodes utilize both ____ and ___.

A
  • krebs cycle

- cytochrome system

25
There is a ring of ___ and ____ around the pharynx leading to the dorsal and ventral nerve cords.
- nerve tissue | - ganglia
26
Most are _____ with males ____ than females.
- dioecious | - smaller
27
Fertilization occurs _____. (hint: location)
- internally
28
Eggs are stored in the ___ until deposited.
- uterus
29
The ____ is shed between each of the four juvenile stages.
- cuticle
30
Some of the parasitic nematodes are parasites to ___. Most tend to be ___. (location globally)
- humans | - tropical
31
Ascaris lumbricoides ( parasitic round worm) : -Occurs in up to _% of people in some areas of ___. -A,meglaocephala is found where in horses? - A. suum is found where in pigs? - A female Ascaris may lay ___ eggs a day which pass out in the host's __. L> Embryos develop to juveniles in ___.
- 25%, Southeastern US - intestines - intestines - 200,000 - 2 weeks
32
What is one of the most common parasite found in humans estimated about 64% of the population in southern US and over 1 billion people world wide.
- A. lumbricoides
33
Visible eggs remain after sings of decal matter have ___. | The eggs can survive a ____ period in soil
- disappeared | - long
34
Ascaris Infection process: - The host swallows ______, juveniles arch and burrow through the ____. - Carried through the ___ to the ___, they break into ___ and are carried up to trachea. - Coughed up and swallowed , they ___ in the ___ after two months. - They feed on ___ contents and may block or perforate the ___. - Infection rates tend to be higher in ____ and ____. Due to what?
-embryonated eggs, intestinal wall - heart, lungs, alveoli - mature, small intestine - intestinal, intestines - children, males L> Toys, unwashed vegetables, soiled fingers
35
Hookworms : -Anterior end of these small worms has a ___ ? - The most common hookworm is? - The sexes are separate or not? - Large ___ in mouth cut into intestinal mucosa and suck host's __. - They pump through more blood than they ___. Heavy infection can cause what? -Eggs will pass out in feces and juveniles hatch in __. - If human skin comes into contact with soil, infective juveniles burrow through __ to __. - They tan travel in the blood to the ___, ___ to be swallowed and mature in the __.
- hook like curve - Necator americanus - separate - plates, blood - digest, anemia - soil - skin, blood - lungs, coughed up, intestine
36
Trichina Worm : | Trichinella spiralis causes a potentially lethal what?
- trichinosis
37
Trichina Worm: Cycle: -Adult worms burrow into ____ and females ____ produce juvenile worms. -Juveniles penetrate ___ and circulate throughout the body to all ___ and ___. -Penetrate _____, redirecting gene expression of the ___.
- intestinal mucosa, directly - blood vessels, tissues and spaces - skeletal muscle cells, musculature
38
Trichina Worm: | When poorly cooked meat containing encysted juveniles is eaten, worms are ___ and mature in the ___.
-liberated - intestine
39
Trichina Worm: | The infect ___, __,___,___, and __.
- humans, hogs, rats, cats and dogs
40
Trichina Worm: | Hogs become infected eating uncooked scraps of infected __ or __.
- meat, rats
41
Trichina Worm: | Four other sibling species with variable distribution, freezing resistance etc Heavy infections can cause __.
- death
42
Trichina Worm: Juveniles cause redirection of gene expression in host cell and it loses its ____ and becomes a ___ that nourishes the worm.
- striations, nurse cell
43
Pinworms: | They are the ___ parasite in the US but cause ___ disease.
- most common helminthic, little
44
Pinworms: | - Adults live in the ___ and __.
- large intestine, cecum
45
Pinworms: | - Females migrate to the ___ region at ___ and lay eggs causing itching.
- anal, night
46
Pinworms: | -Scratching the _____ contaminates hands and bedclothes.
- anal region
47
Pinworms: | - Eggs develop ___ and become ___ within six hours at body temperature.
- rapidly, infective
48
Pinworms: | -When swallowed, the eggs hatch in the ___ and mature in the ___.
- duodenum | - large intestine
49
Pinworms: | -Members of this order have ___ males from ___ eggs. -Females are ___ and come from _____eggs.
- haploid, unfertilized - diploid, fertilized ( haplodiploidy )
50
Fliarial worms: | -There are __ species of filarial nematodes that infect humans and some cause serious diseases.
-8
51
Fliarial worms: | - Wucheria bancrofti and Brugia malayi live in the ____.
lymphatic system
52
Fliarial Worms: Wucheria bancrofti and Brugia malayi: - They cause ____ and ___ of the lymphatic's vessels. - Females release __ young, tiny ___, into blood and lymph.
- inflammation, blockage - live, microfilariae
53
Fliarial Worms: Wucheria bancrofti and Brugia malayi: - Mosquitoes ingest the microfilariae when they ___. The worms develop to ___ stage and move into the mosquito bite wound when it feeds.
- feed, infective
54
Fliarial Worms: Wucheria bancrofti and Brugia malayi: | -Elephantiasis is caused by ____ exposure. Describe the symptoms?
- repeated | - swelling and growth of connective tissue causes enormous swelling of body parts.
55
Fliarial Worms: - onchocerciasis or _____ is carried by ___ and infects 37 million people in tropics. - Dirofilaria immitis or _____ is carried by ____ and is the most common US filarial worm.
- river blindness, black flies - Dog heartowrm, mosquitos
56
List in order the life cycle of a Guinea worm!
- 1st stage larvae + emerging female worm - Copepod - 3rd stage larvae L>drank in water via host - Released larvae in host
57
Adaptive diversification : - Nematodes show the most impressive adaptation. They are found in ___ habitat available to most animals. - The body structure is ___ enough to allow adaptation - Life cycle ranges from __to___. - Have been known to survive in ____ conditions
- almost every - plastic - simple to complex -suboptimal

Zoology (55 decks)

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