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Zoology > Chapter 18: Superphylum Ecdysozoans, Phylum: Nematoda - Roundworms > Flashcards

Chapter 18: Superphylum Ecdysozoans, Phylum: Nematoda - Roundworms Flashcards

1
Q

Many prefer what name for this phylum?

A

-Nemata

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2
Q

They are found in virtually all habitats in all biomes. The top soil may contain ____ per acre. Nematode parasites exist in nearly all ___ and ___ species.

A
  • billions
  • animal
  • plant
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3
Q

Free-living nematodes feed on what four things?

A
  • bacteria, yeast, fungal hyphae and algae
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4
Q

Predatory nematodes feed on what four things?

A
  • rotifers, tardigrades, small annelids and other nematodes
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5
Q

They are important as food for what four things?

A
  • insects, mites, larvae and fungi
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6
Q

Those in phylum Nematoda have a ____ shape and a ____ cuticle.

A
  • cylindrical, nonliving
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7
Q

One of the characteristics used for placing the nematodes in the superhylum is that the cuticle is shed during _____ stages.

A
  • juvenile growth
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8
Q

They lack ___ or ___ except for one species.

A
  • motile cilia or flagella
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9
Q

There is only ____ present in the body wall which contribute to the thrashing movement seen in this phylum.

A
  • longitudinal muscles
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10
Q

They express eutely which means what?

A
  • they have a fixed number of somatic cells once maturity is met, further growth is only seen via cell enlargement not division.
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11
Q

They lack _______ (hint: aid in excretion). The pharynx is ___. The outer, thick, noncellular cuticle is secreted by underlying ____.

A
  • protonephridia
  • muscular
  • hypodermis
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12
Q

The hypodermic is ____ with nuclei located in four hypo dermal cords projecting inward.

A
  • synctyial ( mass of multinucleated cytoplasm not divided into other individual cells)
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13
Q

They possess dorsal and ventral ____ cords with nerves. The lateral cords have ____ canals.

A
  • hypodermal

- excretory

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14
Q

The cuticle has layers of crisscrossing ___, providing elasticity but restricting expansion.

A
  • collagen
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15
Q

The longitudinal muscles lie beneath the ____. What is absent?

A
  • cuticle

L> circular muscles

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16
Q

The longitudinal muscles run in __ bands, marked off by hypodermal cords. Each muscle has a ____ fibrillar portion and a ____ sarcoplasmic portion. The sarcoplasmic cell body extends into the ___ and stores ____.

A
  • four
  • contractile
  • noncontractile
  • pseudocoel , glycogen
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17
Q

Unlike in other animals, the cell body process or muscle arm extends to the ____ or _____.

A

ventral, dorsal nerve

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18
Q

Compressing and stretching of the ____ eturns the body to resting position when muscles relax.

A
  • cuticle
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19
Q

Digestion:

The alimentary canal consists of the ___, ___, ___,___, and ___.

A
  • mouth, pharynx, non muscular intestine, short rectum and anus
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20
Q

The pharynx does what?

A
  • sucks food in
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21
Q

The intestinal wall is __ thick. The food moves ___ as new food enters and the body moves.

A

-one cell, back

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22
Q

Defecation occurs from opening the ___ and allowing ______ pressure to expel waste.

A
  • anal

- pseudocoelomic

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23
Q

Some parasitic adults have an _____ metabolism without the _____ and ____.

A
  • anaerobic
  • krebs cycle
  • cytochrome system (electron transport)
24
Q

Free-living nematodes and free-living stages of parasitic nematodes utilize both ____ and ___.

A
  • krebs cycle

- cytochrome system

25
Q

There is a ring of ___ and ____ around the pharynx leading to the dorsal and ventral nerve cords.

A
  • nerve tissue

- ganglia

26
Q

Most are _____ with males ____ than females.

A
  • dioecious

- smaller

27
Q

Fertilization occurs _____. (hint: location)

A
  • internally
28
Q

Eggs are stored in the ___ until deposited.

A
  • uterus
29
Q

The ____ is shed between each of the four juvenile stages.

A
  • cuticle
30
Q

Some of the parasitic nematodes are parasites to ___. Most tend to be ___. (location globally)

A
  • humans

- tropical

31
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides ( parasitic round worm) :
-Occurs in up to _% of people in some areas of ___.
-A,meglaocephala is found where in horses?
- A. suum is found where in pigs?
- A female Ascaris may lay ___ eggs a day which pass out in the host’s __.
L> Embryos develop to juveniles in ___.

A
  • 25%, Southeastern US
  • intestines
  • intestines
  • 200,000
  • 2 weeks
32
Q

What is one of the most common parasite found in humans estimated about 64% of the population in southern US and over 1 billion people world wide.

A
  • A. lumbricoides
33
Q

Visible eggs remain after sings of decal matter have ___.

The eggs can survive a ____ period in soil

A
  • disappeared

- long

34
Q

Ascaris Infection process:

  • The host swallows ______, juveniles arch and burrow through the ____.
  • Carried through the ___ to the ___, they break into ___ and are carried up to trachea.
  • Coughed up and swallowed , they ___ in the ___ after two months.
  • They feed on ___ contents and may block or perforate the ___.
  • Infection rates tend to be higher in ____ and ____. Due to what?
A

-embryonated eggs, intestinal wall
- heart, lungs, alveoli
- mature, small intestine
- intestinal, intestines
- children, males
L> Toys, unwashed vegetables, soiled fingers

35
Q

Hookworms :
-Anterior end of these small worms has a ___ ?
- The most common hookworm is?
- The sexes are separate or not?
- Large ___ in mouth cut into intestinal mucosa and suck host’s __.
- They pump through more blood than they ___. Heavy infection can cause what?
-Eggs will pass out in feces and juveniles hatch in
__.
- If human skin comes into contact with soil, infective juveniles burrow through __ to __.
- They tan travel in the blood to the ___, ___ to be swallowed and mature in the __.

A
  • hook like curve
  • Necator americanus
  • separate
  • plates, blood
  • digest, anemia
  • soil
  • skin, blood
  • lungs, coughed up, intestine
36
Q

Trichina Worm :

Trichinella spiralis causes a potentially lethal what?

A
  • trichinosis
37
Q

Trichina Worm:
Cycle:
-Adult worms burrow into ____ and females ____ produce juvenile worms. -Juveniles penetrate ___ and circulate throughout the body to all ___ and ___. -Penetrate _____, redirecting gene expression of the ___.

A
  • intestinal mucosa, directly - blood vessels, tissues and spaces
  • skeletal muscle cells, musculature
38
Q

Trichina Worm:

When poorly cooked meat containing encysted juveniles is eaten, worms are ___ and mature in the ___.

A

-liberated - intestine

39
Q

Trichina Worm:

The infect ___, __,___,___, and __.

A
  • humans, hogs, rats, cats and dogs
40
Q

Trichina Worm:

Hogs become infected eating uncooked scraps of infected __ or __.

A
  • meat, rats
41
Q

Trichina Worm:

Four other sibling species with variable distribution, freezing resistance etc Heavy infections can cause __.

A
  • death
42
Q

Trichina Worm:
Juveniles cause redirection of gene expression in host cell and it loses its ____ and becomes a ___ that nourishes the worm.

A
  • striations, nurse cell
43
Q

Pinworms:

They are the ___ parasite in the US but cause ___ disease.

A
  • most common helminthic, little
44
Q

Pinworms:

- Adults live in the ___ and __.

A
  • large intestine, cecum
45
Q

Pinworms:

- Females migrate to the ___ region at ___ and lay eggs causing itching.

A
  • anal, night
46
Q

Pinworms:

-Scratching the _____ contaminates hands and bedclothes.

A
  • anal region
47
Q

Pinworms:

- Eggs develop ___ and become ___ within six hours at body temperature.

A
  • rapidly, infective
48
Q

Pinworms:

-When swallowed, the eggs hatch in the ___ and mature in the ___.

A
  • duodenum

- large intestine

49
Q

Pinworms:

-Members of this order have ___ males from ___ eggs. -Females are ___ and come from _____eggs.

A
  • haploid, unfertilized - diploid, fertilized ( haplodiploidy )
50
Q

Fliarial worms:

-There are __ species of filarial nematodes that infect humans and some cause serious diseases.

A

-8

51
Q

Fliarial worms:

- Wucheria bancrofti and Brugia malayi live in the ____.

A

lymphatic system

52
Q

Fliarial Worms: Wucheria bancrofti and Brugia malayi:

  • They cause ____ and ___ of the lymphatic’s vessels.
  • Females release __ young, tiny ___, into blood and lymph.
A
  • inflammation, blockage - live, microfilariae
53
Q

Fliarial Worms: Wucheria bancrofti and Brugia malayi:
- Mosquitoes ingest the microfilariae when they ___. The worms develop to ___ stage and move into the mosquito bite wound when it feeds.

A
  • feed, infective
54
Q

Fliarial Worms: Wucheria bancrofti and Brugia malayi:

-Elephantiasis is caused by ____ exposure. Describe the symptoms?

A
  • repeated

- swelling and growth of connective tissue causes enormous swelling of body parts.

55
Q

Fliarial Worms:

  • onchocerciasis or _____ is carried by ___ and infects 37 million people in tropics.
  • Dirofilaria immitis or _____ is carried by ____ and is the most common US filarial worm.
A
  • river blindness, black flies - Dog heartowrm, mosquitos
56
Q

List in order the life cycle of a Guinea worm!

A
  • 1st stage larvae + emerging female worm
  • Copepod
  • 3rd stage larvae L>drank in water via host - Released larvae in host
57
Q

Adaptive diversification :

  • Nematodes show the most impressive adaptation. They are found in ___ habitat available to most animals.
  • The body structure is ___ enough to allow adaptation - Life cycle ranges from __to___.
  • Have been known to survive in ____ conditions
A
  • almost every
  • plastic
  • simple to complex -suboptimal

Zoology (55 decks)

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