Chapter 9

Question 1

3 essential properties of welldesigned experiemnts

Answer 1

1. At least one independent variable is manipulated
2. Participants are randomly assigned to conditions
3. All extraneous variables are controlled for

Question 2

Experimental conditions

Answer 2

Differnt levels of the independent variable

Question 3

3 types of independent variables

Answer 3

1. Environmental
2. Instructional
3. Invasive

Question 4

Environmental and example

Answer 4

Modify something int he environment

Ex. Temperature

Question 5

Confederates

Answer 5

Actor; particpants dont know that the person is in on the experiment

Question 6

Instructional w/ exs

Answer 6

Differnt experimental conditions recieve differn instructions of interventions
Ex. Recieveing the easy, hard, or neutrally indicated difficulty test

Question 7

Invasive

Answer 7

Creating physical changes in a perticipants body through physical stimilation
Ex. Administration of drugs

Question 8

Experimental group

Answer 8

Recieves the active level of IV

Question 9

Control group

Answer 9

Recieves the placebo IV or no IV at all

Question 10

Participant variables and examples

Answer 10

Variables that are not manipuated and are therfor not considered true IVs
Exs. Sex, age, birth order

Question 11

Experimentation determines _______

Answer 11

Causality

Question 12

Simple random assignment

Answer 12

Any participant has an equal proablity of being placed in any of the experimental conditions

Question 13

Matched random assignment

Answer 13

Participants are grouped based on some relevant charcateristic and then randomyl selected from both groups for either recieving or not recieveng the IV

Question 14

Repeated measures design

Answer 14

(Within subjects design) Each subject experimences all leves of the IV

Question 15

Pros and cons of repeated measure designs

Answer 15

Pro: increased power
Con: practice effects

Question 16

Counterbalancing

Answer 16

Present conditions in differnt orders to different participants to reduce practice effects

Question 17

Internal validity

Answer 17

The degree to which we are confident that the changes int he IV are causing chnages in the DV

Question 18

Internal validity of an experiment is increased by ______.

Answer 18

Increasing experimental control such as eliminating confounds

Question 19

Experimental expectancy effects, how it disorts results, and how to eliminate

Answer 19

1. Researchers typicially have some ideas how partipants will respond
2. Can distrot results by affecting how reasercher interprets observed behaivor
3. Eliminate with double-blind procedure

Question 20

Demand charcteristics, how it distorts results, how to eliminate

Answer 20

1. Participants figure out how they should behave
2. Can distrot results by influencing how particiapnts act
3. Eliminate with double blind procedure

Question 21

Placebo effects, how it distorts results, how to eliminate

Answer 21

1physiological or psychological change as a result of the belief a change will occur

2. Treatment might be confounded by participants knowlege they are recievibg treatment
3. Eliminate with use of placebo control group

Question 22

External validity

Answer 22

Extent to which the results of a study can be generalized

Question 23

Experimenter tend to favor ______ validity over _______ validity.

Answer 23

Internal, external

Question 24

Advantages and disadvantages of web based experimental research

Answer 24

Ad:
-can obtain large sample sizes
-fewer resources needed
-can recruit more diverse samples
-easy to target recruitment efforts
-may be less susceptible to social desirability bias
Dis:
-difficult to identify and control the nature of the sample
-cannot control study setting
- participants may not complete the survey
-not ideal for all research paradigms

Question 25

Power

Answer 25

The ability to detect the effects of the independent variable

Question 26

Advantages and disadvantages of a within subjects design

Answer 26

Ad:
-more power than between subjects
Require fewer participants

Dis:

• order effects
• carryover effects

Question 27

Within subjects design

Answer 27

Particiapnts serve in all experimental conditons and their behaivor is measured for each conditon

Question 28

Order effects

Answer 28

Particpants behivor is effected by the order in which they participate int he experimental conditons

Question 29

3 types of order effects

Answer 29

1. Practice
2. Fatigue
3. Sensitization

Question 30

Sensitization

Answer 30

Participants uncover the true purpose of the experiment and begin to react differntly than they did before they know the purpose.

Question 31

Carryover effects

Answer 31

Occure when the effect of a particulare treatment condition persists even after the treatment ends.

Question 32

3 components of total variance

Answer 32

1. Treatment variance
2. Confound variance
3. Error variance

Question 33

Systematic variance is made up of _____ and _______

Answer 33

Treatment, confound

Question 34

Unsystematic variance is made up of _____ variance.

Answer 34

Error

Question 35

5 common threats to internal valididty

Answer 35

1. Miscellaneous design confounds
2. History
3. Pretest sensitization
4. Differential attrition
5. Biased assignment of participants to experimental conditons(selection threat)

Question 36

Attrition

Answer 36

The loss of participants during a study

Question 37

5 Sources of error variance

Answer 37

1. Individual differnces
2. Transient states
3. Enviromental factors
4. Differential treatment
5. Measurment error

Question 38

3 types of dependent variables

Answer 38

1. Observations of behaivor
2. Self-report
3. Ps\hysiological reactions