Chapter 4

Question 1

Observational approaches

Answer 1

The direct observation of human or nonhuman behavior

Question 2

3 questions to ask during observational approach

Answer 2

1. will the observation occur in a natural or contrived setting
2. Will the participants know they are being observed
3. How will the participants’ behaivor be recorded

Question 3

Naturalistic observation

Answer 3

Observation of ongoing behaivor at it occurs naturally with no intrusion or intervention by the researcher

Question 4

Participant observation

Answer 4

One type of naturalistic observation in which the researcher engages in the same activities he/she is observing

Question 5

Contrived observation

Answer 5

Involves the observation of behaivor in settings that are arranged specifically for observing and recording behaivor

Question 6

Undisguised observation

Answer 6

The individuals being studies know the researcher is observing their behaivor

Question 7

Reactivity

Answer 7

When participants act differently becuse they know they are being observed

Question 8

Disguised observation

Answer 8

When researchers are conserved about reactivity so they conceal the fact they are observing and recording participant’s behaivor

Question 9

Informed consent

Answer 9

Participant’s right to decide whether or not to participate in research

Question 10

Partial concealment

Answer 10

Letting the participants know they are being observed while withholding information regarding precisely which aspects of the participants behaivor are being observed

Question 11

Knowledgeable informants

Answer 11

People who know the participants well

Question 12

4 techniques used to observe and record data

Answer 12

1. Narratives
2. checklists
3. Temporal measures
4. observational rating scales

Question 13

Narrative records

Answer 13

A full description of a participants behaivor

Question 14

Unstructured observation method

Answer 14

Open ended observation method

Question 15

Structured observation method

Answer 15

One in which the observer records, times, or rates behaivor on dimensions that have been decided apon in advance

Question 16

Checklist/tally sheet

Answer 16

Researcher records attributes of the participants, and whether or particular behaivors were observed

Question 17

Temporal measures

Answer 17

When a behaivor occurred and how long it lasted

Question 18

Latency

Answer 18

How much time elapsed between a particular event and a behaivor or between two behaivors

Question 19

Reaction time

Answer 19

The time that elapses between the presentation of a stimulus and the participants response

Question 20

Task completion time

Answer 20

The length of time it takes participants to solve a problem or complete a task

Question 21

Interbehavior latency

Answer 21

The time that elapses between two behaivors

Question 22

Duration

Answer 22

How long a particular behaivor lasts

Question 23

Observational rating scales

Answer 23

Measuring the quality or intensity of a behaivor

Question 24

5 general catagories of psychophysiological and neuroscientific measures

Answer 24

1. Measures of neural electrical activity
2. neuroimaging
3. Measures of the autonomic nervous system activity
4. blood and saliva assays
5. Precise measurement of overt reactions

Question 25

Interview

Answer 25

Participants respond orally to a person asking questions(interviewer)

Question 26

4 Sources of existing measures

Answer 26

1. Journal articles
2. books
3. databases
4. questionairs

Question 27

Experience sampling methods(ESM)

Answer 27

a method of collecting data in which participants record information about their thoughts, emotions, or behaviors as they occur in everyday life

Question 28

Diary methodology

Answer 28

a method of data collection in which participants keep a daily record of their behavior, thoughts, or feelings

Question 29

Computerized experience sampling methods

Answer 29

The use of smartphones, specialized pc’s that are programmed to ask participants about their experiences during everyday life

Question 30

Single-item measures

Answer 30

Intended to be analyzed by themselves

Question 31

Multi-item scale

Answer 31

Items that are designed to be combined

Question 32

Response format

Answer 32

The manner in which the respondent indicates hi/her answer to the item

Question 33

3 basic response formats

Answer 33

1. Free response
2. rating scale response
3. Multiple choice or fixed-alternative response

Question 34

Free response format

Answer 34

The participant provides and unstructured response

Question 35

Rating scale response format

Answer 35

When questions are about behaivors, thoughts, or feelings that can vary in frequency or intensity

Question 36

Multiple choice/fixed alternative response format

Answer 36

When respondents are asked to choose one response form a set of possible alternatives

Question 37

Social deseriability response bias

Answer 37

Participants respond in a socially desirable manner rather than natural and honestly because that are concerned how they will be perceived and evaluated by the researcher and/or at her participants

Question 38

Acquiescence

Answer 38

Some people show a tendency to agree with a statement regardless of the content

Question 39

Nay saying

Answer 39

Some people show a tendency to disagree with a statement regardless of the content

Question 40

Archival research

Answer 40

Researchers analyze data pulled from existing records