Chapter 7

Question 1

Covary

Answer 1

Things that change together

Question 2

Correlational research

Answer 2

Determine wether variables are related to another

Question 3

Reasons for correlational rather than experimental research?

Answer 3

1. Ethically impossible for us to do an experimental stduy

2. Usueful in measuring many variables and assessing relationships between them

Question 4

Correlation coefficient

Answer 4

Indicates the strength(magnitute) and direction(- of +) of the relationship between two variables

Question 5

Pearson correlation is a valuse between ___ and ___.

Answer 5

-1 and 1

Question 6

Positicve correlation

Answer 6

Whent he score on 1 variable goes up, the score ont he other variable goes up

Question 7

Negative correlation

Answer 7

When the score on 1 variable goes up the other variable goes down

Question 8

Curvilinear relationships

Answer 8

Have a corelation of zero but there is a clear disctince correlation between variables present

Question 9

Correlation can only be used on _____

Answer 9

Linear relationships

Question 10

Statistical significance

Answer 10

The two variables are related in some meaningful way

Question 11

3 factors that effect statistical significance

Answer 11

1. Sample size
2. Magnitude of correlation
3. Researcher “conservativness) (ie 95% CI)

Question 12

Sample size as effecting significance

Answer 12

Larger sample size= more likely to find sig

Question 13

Magnitute of correlation as effecting sig

Answer 13

Closer number is to 1= higher chance of sig

Question 14

Directional hypothesis

Answer 14

Predicting direction of correlation

Question 15

Non directional hypothesis

Answer 15

Not sure which direction but know they vary in some way

Question 16

Factors that distort correlation coefficients

Answer 16

1. Restricted range
2. Outliers
3. Reliability of measures

Question 17

Restricted range

Answer 17

Scores that come form a subset of the overal data set

Question 18

Outliers

Answer 18

Data points that are 3 of more standard deviations form the mean

Question 19

Ways to improve reliability

Answer 19

1. Standardize the measure
2. Clear opperational definitions
3. Trained observers

Question 20

3 factors that must be met to determin causality

Answer 20

1. covariation
2. directionality
3. Elimination of alternative explanations

Question 21

Directionality

Answer 21

-time order relationsips(ie manipulsting 1 variable caused the other to change)

Question 22

Spurious correlation

Answer 22

Correlation between 2 variables that seem to move int he smae direction but are not actually related to one another

Question 23

Partial correlation

Answer 23

Correlation between 2 variables with the influence of 1 or more other variables statistically removed