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Research and design > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of measures used in behaivoral research

A
  1. Observational measures
  2. psysiological measures
  3. Self-report measures
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2
Q

Observational measures

A

Involve the direct observation of behavior

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3
Q

Physiological measures

A

Measures internal processes that are not directly obserbvable- such as heart rate brain activity and hormonal chynages- with sophisticated equipment

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4
Q

Self-report measures

A

The replies people give to questionairs and interviews, which may provide information about the respondent’s thoughts, feelings, or behavior

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5
Q

Cognitive self report measures

A

Measure what people think about something

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6
Q

Affective self report measures

A

Involve participants responses regarding how they feel

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7
Q

Psychometrics

A

The study of psychological measurement

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8
Q

Nominal scale

A

The numbers that are assigned to participants’ behaivors or characteristics are essential labels

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9
Q

Ordinal scale

A

The rank ordering of a set of scores that reflect a participants’ behaivors or characteristics

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10
Q

Interval scale

A

Equal differences between number reflect equal differences between participants on the characteristics being measured

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11
Q

Ratio scale

A

Has a true zero point, and involves real numbers that can be added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided

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12
Q

Reliability

A

Refers to the consistency or dependability of a measuring technique

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13
Q

Observed score=

A

True score+measurement error

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14
Q

True score

A

The score that the participant would have obtained if out measures were perfect and we were able to measure whatever we were measuring without error

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15
Q

Measurement error

A

The result of factors that distort the observed score that that it isn’t precisely what it should be

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16
Q

5 major catagories contributing to measurement error

A
  1. Transient states
  2. stable attributes
  3. Situational factors
  4. Characteristics of measure
  5. Mistakes
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17
Q

Transient state ex.s

A

Mood, health, level of fatigue, feelings

18
Q

Stable attributes ex.s

A

Personality characteristics

19
Q

Situational factors ex.s

A

Environment, how animals are handled, demeanor of researchers involved , room temperature, light, noise, crowding

20
Q

Characteristics of measure

A

Ambiguous questions, measures that induce fatigue, fear or pain

21
Q

Mistakes

A

Mistakes in recording data, improper numbers or responses entered

22
Q

Reliability=

A

True score variance/total variance

23
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

A statistic that expresses the strength of the relationship between two measures on a scale of 0.00-1.00

24
Q

Test-retest reliability

A

The consistency of a participants responses on a measure overtime

25
Q

Interitem reliability

A

The degree of constituency among items on a scale

26
Q

Item-total correlation

A

The correlation between a particular item and the sum of all other items on a scale

27
Q

Split-half reliability

A

An index of interitem reliability, in which the researcher divides the items on a scale into 2 sets, obtained a total score for each set, and then calculated the correlation of scores between these two sets.

28
Q

Interrater reliability

A

Involves the consistency among 2+ researchers or a serve or record participant’s behavior

29
Q

4 ways to increase reliability of measure

A
  1. Standardize administration of procedure
  2. clarify instructions and questions
  3. train observers
  4. Minimize errors in coding and entering data
30
Q

Validity

A

The extent to which a measurement procedure actually measures what it is intended to measure

31
Q

3 types of validity

A
  1. face validity
  2. construct validity
  3. Criterion- related validity
32
Q

Face validity

A

Refers to the extent to which the measurement technique appears, on the face of it, to measure what it is designed to measure

33
Q

Construct validity

A

Whether a particular measure relates as it should to other measures

34
Q

Hypothetical constructs

A

Entities that cannot be directly observed but are inferred not he basis of empirical evidence

35
Q

Convergent validity

A

A measure should correlate with other measures that it should correlate with

36
Q

Discriminate validity

A

A measure should not correlate with measures it should not correlate with

37
Q

Criterion-related validity

A

The extent to which a measure allows us to distinguish among participants not he basis of a particulate behaivoral criterion

38
Q

Concurrent validity

A

The two measures are administered at roughly the same time

39
Q

Predictive validity

A

The measure’s ability to distinguish people on a relevant behaivoral criterion at some point int he future.

40
Q

Test bias

A

Occurs when a particular measure is not equally valid for everyone who takes the test

Research and design (14 decks)

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