Chapter 1 Flashcards
Basic research
Figuring phenonomen for the sake of learning more about ti
Applied research
Using research to answer questions
Evaluation research( program evaluation)
Using behaivoral research methods to asses the effects of social or institutional programs on behaivor.
Empericism
Refers to the practice of relying on observation to draw conclusions about the world
Public verification
Research must be conducted in such a way that findings of one researcher can be observed, verified, and replicated by others
Solvable problems
Questions that scientists can evaluate because they are answerable given current knowledge and reader has techniques
Theory
A set of propositions that attempts to explain HOW and WHY concepts are related.
Model
A set of propositions that attempts to explain HOW concepts are related
Post hoc explanations
Explanations that are made up after the data is collected and analyzed
A priori
Making a specific research hypothesis before collecting data
Hypothesis
A prediction regarding the outcome of a study
Induction
the process of reasoning from specific instances to a general proposition about those instances; for example, hypotheses are sometimes induced from observed facts
Deduction
the process of reasoning from a general proposition to a specific implication of that proposition; for example, hypotheses are often deduced from theories
3 basic goals of research
- Describing behaivor
- Predicting behaivor
- Explaining behaivor
Conceptiual definition
Dictionary definition of a construct
Operation definition
-a definition explaining how a construct is measured
Descriptive research( definition, purpose, and example)
- Describes the behaivor, thoughts, or feelings of a particulate group of individuals
- provides the foundation for which all other research rests
- Do you prefer chocolate or vanilla ice cream?
Correlation all research(definition, purpose, and example)
- Investigates the relationships among various psychological variables
- provide value information regarding the relationships between variables
- Is crime correlated with mental illness?
Experimental resaexcrh(definition, purpose, and example)
- The researcher manipulates or changes one variable(independent variable) to see whether or not changes in behaivor(dependent variable) occur as consequence
- when researchers are interested in determining whether certain variables CAUSE changes in behaivor, thought or emotion.
- Does watering plants cause them to grow faster under controlled conditions?
Quasi-experimental research( def., purpose, ex.)
- The researcher either studies the effects of some variable or event that occurs naturallly( and does not vary an independent variable) or else manipulates an independent variable but does not excessive the same control over extraneous factors as in a true experiment
- Allows for researchers to investigate subjects for which preforming a controlled experimental design would be unethical or not feasible.
- Does working after school cause lower grades in students?
Empirical generalizations
Hypothesis that are based on previous observed patterns and results
Empirical falsification
The requirement that a hypothesis must be capable of being falsified
Methodological purism
Using many different methods or designs to test theories
Strategy of strong inference
Designing a study in such a way it tests competing predictions from 2 or more theories
Null findings
Results that fail to indicate a statistically significant effect
File drawer problem
The fact that studies that fail to obtain positive results are rarely published and thus remained locked away in researcher’s file cabinets or computers
Registered reports
A journa article that was evaluated for publication before a study was conducted even if the study has null findings
Close replications
Repeating a previous study without worrying about seemingly irrelevant variations in the method compared to the original
