Chapter 1

Question 1

Basic research

Answer 1

Figuring phenonomen for the sake of learning more about ti

Question 2

Applied research

Answer 2

Using research to answer questions

Question 3

Evaluation research( program evaluation)

Answer 3

Using behaivoral research methods to asses the effects of social or institutional programs on behaivor.

Question 4

Empericism

Answer 4

Refers to the practice of relying on observation to draw conclusions about the world

Question 5

Public verification

Answer 5

Research must be conducted in such a way that findings of one researcher can be observed, verified, and replicated by others

Question 6

Solvable problems

Answer 6

Questions that scientists can evaluate because they are answerable given current knowledge and reader has techniques

Question 7

Theory

Answer 7

A set of propositions that attempts to explain HOW and WHY concepts are related.

Question 8

Model

Answer 8

A set of propositions that attempts to explain HOW concepts are related

Question 9

Post hoc explanations

Answer 9

Explanations that are made up after the data is collected and analyzed

Question 10

A priori

Answer 10

Making a specific research hypothesis before collecting data

Question 11

Hypothesis

Answer 11

A prediction regarding the outcome of a study

Question 12

Induction

Answer 12

the process of reasoning from specific instances to a general proposition about those instances; for example, hypotheses are sometimes induced from observed facts

Question 13

Deduction

Answer 13

the process of reasoning from a general proposition to a specific implication of that proposition; for example, hypotheses are often deduced from theories

Question 14

3 basic goals of research

Answer 14

1. Describing behaivor
2. Predicting behaivor
3. Explaining behaivor

Question 15

Conceptiual definition

Answer 15

Dictionary definition of a construct

Question 16

Operation definition

Answer 16

-a definition explaining how a construct is measured

Question 17

Descriptive research( definition, purpose, and example)

Answer 17

1. Describes the behaivor, thoughts, or feelings of a particulate group of individuals
2. provides the foundation for which all other research rests
3. Do you prefer chocolate or vanilla ice cream?

Question 18

Correlation all research(definition, purpose, and example)

Answer 18

1. Investigates the relationships among various psychological variables
2. provide value information regarding the relationships between variables
3. Is crime correlated with mental illness?

Question 19

Experimental resaexcrh(definition, purpose, and example)

Answer 19

1. The researcher manipulates or changes one variable(independent variable) to see whether or not changes in behaivor(dependent variable) occur as consequence
2. when researchers are interested in determining whether certain variables CAUSE changes in behaivor, thought or emotion.
3. Does watering plants cause them to grow faster under controlled conditions?

Question 20

Quasi-experimental research( def., purpose, ex.)

Answer 20

1. The researcher either studies the effects of some variable or event that occurs naturallly( and does not vary an independent variable) or else manipulates an independent variable but does not excessive the same control over extraneous factors as in a true experiment
2. Allows for researchers to investigate subjects for which preforming a controlled experimental design would be unethical or not feasible.
3. Does working after school cause lower grades in students?

Question 21

Empirical generalizations

Answer 21

Hypothesis that are based on previous observed patterns and results

Question 22

Empirical falsification

Answer 22

The requirement that a hypothesis must be capable of being falsified

Question 23

Methodological purism

Answer 23

Using many different methods or designs to test theories

Question 24

Strategy of strong inference

Answer 24

Designing a study in such a way it tests competing predictions from 2 or more theories

Question 25

Null findings

Answer 25

Results that fail to indicate a statistically significant effect

Question 26

File drawer problem

Answer 26

The fact that studies that fail to obtain positive results are rarely published and thus remained locked away in researcher’s file cabinets or computers

Question 27

Registered reports

Answer 27

A journa article that was evaluated for publication before a study was conducted even if the study has null findings

Question 28

Close replications

Answer 28

Repeating a previous study without worrying about seemingly irrelevant variations in the method compared to the original