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Lifespan Development > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Normative Development

A

Average pattern of development

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2
Q

Individual Differences

A

Variations within individuals of the same age

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3
Q

Body Mass Index

A

Dividing weight (kilograms) by height (meters) squared

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4
Q

How much do kids grow in height and weight per year?

A

2-3 inches

5-7 lbs

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5
Q

What part of the body grows the fastest?

A

Lower half

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6
Q

What age do kids lose their teeth?

A

Front middle teeth: 6-7

Molars: 10-12

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7
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsightedness

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8
Q

Dendrite

A

Branched extension of a neuron that picks up signals from other neurons

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9
Q

Axon

A

An extension of the cell that carries signals away from the cell body toward other neurons

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10
Q

Synapse

A

The connection between one neuron’s axon and another neuron’s dendrite

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11
Q

Myelin

A

A white fatty substance that encases cell axons and provides insulation and improves transmission of signals

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12
Q

Competitive Elimination

A

Process that strengthens synapses that are used regularly and prunes unused synapses to eliminate clutter
-accelerates speed that kids can process information

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13
Q

Synaptic Pruning

A

Process of eliminating unused and unnecessary synapses

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14
Q

Lateralization

A

Localization of function in one of the hemispheres of the brain

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15
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Connection between the two hemispheres of the brain

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16
Q

Gray Matter

A

Nerve cell bodies (neurons, axons, and dendrites)

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17
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Involved in recognizing future consequences, overriding unacceptable social responses, and remembering emotional experiences

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18
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

Involved in decision making and planning

front of brain, behind forehead

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19
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Involved in speech, memory, and hearing

side of brain

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20
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Associated with movement, orientation, and recognition, and perception of stimuli

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21
Q

White Matter

A

Myelinated nerve fibers in the brain

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22
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Outer layer of brain responsible for sensation, voluntary muscle movement, thought, reasoning, and memory

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23
Q

ADHD

A

Condition when kids can’t get organized, can’t focus on a task, and can’t think before acting

  • Diagnosed btwn 7-9
  • 2x more common in boys
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24
Q

Cerebellum

A

Associated with balance and control of body movements

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25
Q

Gross Motor Skills

A

Large movements of arms, legs, and feet, or the whole body

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26
Q

Fine Motor Skills

A

Small movements of hands and fingers

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27
Q

Leading cause of death of kids in the U.S.?

A

Car accidents

-Drowning is second

28
Q

Asthma

A

Chronic respiratory condition that causes sudden attacks of wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath

29
Q

Allergy

A

Exaggerated immune response or reaction to substances that are generally not harmful

30
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

Immune system destroys beta cells in the pancreas so that pancreas produces little or no insulin

31
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A

The body does not use insulin efficiently

-Due to overweight, genes, and inactivity

32
Q

Concrete Operations

A

3rd stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development when mental activities become more logical with respect to actual objects

33
Q

Classification

A

Ability to divide and sort objects into different sets and subsets and to consider their relationships
-Harry Potter: boy, wizard, quidditch player, gryffindor house

34
Q

Class Inclusion

A 
Logical operation that recognizes that a class or group can be part of a larger group
-7 dogs, 3 cats
>are there more dogs or animals?
--Class inclusion requires kids to recognize that dogs and cats are part of animal group
35
Q

Seriation

A

Ability to arrange items in a sequenced order according to particular properties
-Organize by height or color

36
Q

Transitive Interference

A

A logical operation that builds on an understanding of seriation
-George>Juan, Juan> Jason
>George>Juan>Jason

37
Q

Reversibility

A

Logical operation that requires an understanding that relations can be returned to their original state
-kids now have conservation of mass and understand reversibility

38
Q

Working Memory

A

Conscious short-term representations of what a person is actively thinking about at a given time

39
Q

Long-term Memory

A

Information that is mentally encoded and stored, potentially with no time limits

40
Q

Declarative Memory

A

Memory of facts, such as names of people and places, and phone numbers

41
Q

Procedural Memory

A

A memory of complex motor skills, such as riding a bicycle or typing on a keyboard

42
Q

Verbatim Memory

A

Detailed memories of specific events

43
Q

Gist Memory

A

A generalized, rather than specific, memory of common occurrences

44
Q

False Memory

A

A memory that is a distortion of an actual experience, or a confabulation of an imagined one

45
Q

Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) Procedure

A

An experimental task that demonstrates the creation of false memories, recall words that they have not heard

46
Q

Memory Strategy

A

Mental or behavioral activities that can improve recall of recognition of material

47
Q

Multiple Intelligences

A

Gardner’s theory that intelligence has at least eight distinct forms: Linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic

48
Q

Triarchic theory of successful intelligence

A

Sternberg’s theory that intelligence is composed of three broad components: analytical abilities, creative abilities, and practical abilities

49
Q

Root Words

A

Vocab that must be learned

50
Q

Code Switching

A

Changing speech to reflect the audience and situation

-talking to professor vs gossiping to best friend

51
Q

Decoding

A

Applying knowledge of letter-sound relationships to read written words

52
Q

Comprehension

A

Understanding what is read or said

53
Q

Phonics

A

Emphasizes decoding in which readers match the printed alphabet to spoken words

54
Q

Whole language

A

Emphasizes comprehension and context, and inferring what words are from context

55
Q

Dyslexia

A

Learning disability characterized by difficulties with word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding skills

56
Q

Inclusion

A

Placement of children with special needs in regular classrooms

57
Q

English Language Learner

A

Child that learns English as a new language

58
Q

Alphabetic Principle

A

Knowing letters and knowing that letters link to sounds

59
Q

Phonemic Awareness

A

Being able to analyze the sound structure of spoken words

60
Q

Oral Reading Fluency

A

Ability to read aloud, smoothly, accurately, and at a good speed

61
Q

Vocab Comprehension

A

Understanding word and text meaning

62
Q

Reliability

A

How consistent is the test

63
Q

Validity

A

Is the test measuring what it is supposed to measure

64
Q

Giftedness

A

Extraordinary creativity or performance in music, sports, or art, as well as academic subjects

65
Q

No Child Left Behind

A

Federal law that requires schools to meet specific goals measured by standardized achievement tests

66
Q

High Stakes Tests

A

Test that results in serious sanctions if performance standards are nor met
-loss of federal funds for a school

Lifespan Development (17 decks)

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