Chapter 11 Flashcards
Puberty
Biological changes of adolescence
Five components of adolescence
- Rapid acceleration of growth
- Development of primary sex characteristics
- gonads, sex glands (testes or ovaries) - Development of secondary sex characteristics
- genitals, breasts, facial and pubic hair - Changes in body composition
- Changes in circulatory and respiratory system
- more strength and endurance
Endocrine System
System of the body that produces, circulates, and regulates hormones
Hormones
Highly specialized substances secreted by one or more endocrine glands
Glands
Organs that stimulate particular parts of the body to respond in specific ways to particular hormones
Set Point
Level the body attempts to maintain through self regulating system
Pituitary Gland
Gland responsible for regulating levels of hormones in the body
Hypothalamus
Part of the lower brain stem that controls the functioning of the pituitary gland
Gonads
Glands and secrete sex hormones
-testes and ovaries
Androgens
Sex hormones found in both sexes, but higher levels are in females
Estrogens
Sex hormones found in both sexes, but higher levels are in males
Leptin
Protein produced by fat that signals puberty
Adrenarche
The maturation of the adrenal glands during preadolescnence
Cortisol
Hormone produced when exposed to stress
Secondary Sex Characteristics
Development of breasts, facial and body hair, and changes in voice
Menarche
Time of first menstruation
Delayed Phase Preference
Later sleep and wake times during puberty
Secular Trend
Tendency for individuals to be larger in stature and to reach puberty earlier because of improvements in health and nutrition
Bulimia
Binge eating and self-induced vomiting
Anorexia Nervosa
Dramatic and severe self-induced weight loss (starving themselves)
Prefrontal Cortex
Responsible for decision making and planning
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
Important for deliberate decision making and impulse control
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex
Important for gut-level, intuitive responding
Orbitofrontal Cortex
Important for evaluating risks and rewards
Neurotransmitters
Chemical substances in brain that carry electrical impulses across synapses
Limbic System
Area of the brain that plays an important role in emotional experience and processing social information
Hippocampus
Important for memory and controlling impulsive behavior
Improvements of thinking in adolescents
- More able to think about what is possible
- Able to think in sophisticated ways about abstract concepts
- Better at thinking about the process of thinking
- Able to think about things from multiple vantage points at the same time
- See things as relative rather than absolute
Deductive Reasoning
Logical reasoning in which one draws logically necessary conclusions from a general set of premises or givens
- All soccer players wear shin guards
- Chris is a soccer player
- Does Chris wear shin guards?
Hypothetical Thinking
Thinking that is based on what is possible and not just what is real
-“if-then” thinking
Metacognition
Process of thinking about thinking itself
Imaginary Audience
Self-conscious belief that everyone is watching and evaluating you
Personal Fable
Person’s belief that they are unique and therefore don’t need to follow rules
Intrinsic Motivation
Motivation based on pleasure one will experience from mastering a task
Extrinsic Motivation
Motivation based on rewards one will receive for successful performance
Need for Achievement
How much an individual strives for success
