Chapter 1

Question 1

What are the guiding principles in development?

Answer 1

• It results from the constant interplay between one’s biology and environment
• It occurs in a multi-layered context
• Its a dynamic, reciprocal process
• Its cumulative
• It occurs through the lifespan

Question 2

Psychoanalytic Theory

Answer 2

Theory that focuses on inner self and how emotions determine the way we interpret our experiences and how we act (Sigmund Freud)
-Thought babies had sexual urges
>nipple=milk

Question 3

Stages of psychosexual development

Answer 3

• Oral
• Anal
• Phallic
• Genetal

Question 4

Development

Answer 4

Growth and change over time

Question 5

Ego

Answer 5

Rational, adaptive part of the self-mediate between id, superego, and demands of reality

Question 6

Id

Answer 6

Persistent sexual and aggressive urges

Question 7

Superego

Answer 7

Conscience-knows what is right

Question 8

Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development

Answer 8

The process of an individual finding their niche

Question 9

Learning theory

Answer 9

Theory of human behavior that stresses the role of external influences on behavior (John Watson)
-The way people behave is a consequence of their experience in their immediate environment (monkey see, monkey do)

Question 10

Classical conditioning

Answer 10

Process of associative learning that results in a response to a previously neutral stimulus
-Sound of a steel bar being struck every time a child sees a bunny=fear of bunnies

Question 11

Operant conditioning

Answer 11

Behavior acquired as a result of prior consequences/rewards (BF Skinner)
-Skinner Box

Question 12

Behaviorism

Answer 12

Consequences of a behavior determine whether or not that behavior is repeated in the future

Question 13

Social learning theory

Answer 13

Learning occurs through imitation or observational learning (Albert Bandura)

Question 14

Congitive-development theory

Answer 14

How people think and how thinking changes over time (Jean Piaget)

Question 15

Information-processing theory

Answer 15

Human cognition consists of mental hardware (cognitive structures) and mental software (sets of cognitive processes)

Question 16

Vygotsky’s theory

Answer 16

Every aspect of a child’s development must be considered against the backdrop of culture
-Do Americans value education more than other cultures?

Question 17

Ecological Systems Perspective

Answer 17

Development is inseparable from the environment in which a person develops

Question 18

Microsystem

Answer 18

A child’s closest influences

-Peers, family, school, church, neighborhood

Question 19

Mesosystem

Answer 19

How factors interact with each other which interact with that child
-What time parents pick kid up from school, how involved parents are in their kid’s school (PTA)

Question 20

Exosystem

Answer 20

Not directly influences child, but influences mesosystem

-Parent’s job, media, extended family, neighbors

Question 21

Macrosystem

Answer 21

Ideology and laws that child lives in/values

-Laws and customs of one’s culture and healthcare

Question 22

Biopsychosocial framework

Answer 22

• Biological forces
• Sociocultural forces
• Psychological forces

Question 23

4 approaches to doing developmental research

Answer 23

1. naturalistic observation
   -observing a person in real life situations
2. structured observation
   -creating a setting to bring out behavior of interest
   3.self report
   -written or verbal answers to questions about the topic of interest
   >answers only as good as person’s memory and honesty
   4.physiological measures
   -brain imaging and heart rate monitoring
   >specialized for measuring specific behavior

Question 24

Reliability

Answer 24

Extent to which a measure provides a consistent result

-weighing yourself on a scale every 5 min will be the same number

Question 25

Validity

Answer 25

Extent to which a measure assesses what the researcher thinks its assessing
-sample must be representative of the population of interest

Question 26

Case study

Answer 26

Intensive study of one or a small number of individuals or families

Question 27

Correlational study

Answer 27

Examining 2 or more variables to see if they are linked in anyway

Question 28

Control group

Answer 28

Group that does not get the experimental treatment

Question 29

Experimental group

Answer 29

Group that gets the experimental treatment

Question 30

Random assignment

Answer 30

Assigning experimental and control groups randomly

Question 31

Experiment

Answer 31

Research design in which the researcher controls conditions to draw conclusions about cause and effect

Question 32

Independent Variable

Answer 32

What gets manipulated in the experiment

-Ex:feeding kids soda (x)

Question 33

Dependent Variable

Answer 33

Outcome or consequence the researcher wants to measure

-Ex:obesity based on consumption of drinks (y)

Question 34

Replication

Answer 34

Repeating a study using the same methods

-verify or challenges original data

Question 35

Hypothesis

Answer 35

Prediction that can be tested and supported or rejected based on evidence

Question 36

Representative sample

Answer 36

Group of participants that represents a larger population to draw conclusions about

Question 37

Scientific method

Answer 37

The procedure for testing ideas

1. Formulate a question based on theory or past research
2. Develop a hypothesis
3. Conduct a study to test hypothesis
4. Analyze the data
5. Make findings public