Chapter 1 Flashcards
What are the guiding principles in development?
- It results from the constant interplay between one’s biology and environment
- It occurs in a multi-layered context
- Its a dynamic, reciprocal process
- Its cumulative
- It occurs through the lifespan
Psychoanalytic Theory
Theory that focuses on inner self and how emotions determine the way we interpret our experiences and how we act (Sigmund Freud)
-Thought babies had sexual urges
>nipple=milk
Stages of psychosexual development
- Oral
- Anal
- Phallic
- Genetal
Development
Growth and change over time
Ego
Rational, adaptive part of the self-mediate between id, superego, and demands of reality
Id
Persistent sexual and aggressive urges
Superego
Conscience-knows what is right
Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
The process of an individual finding their niche
Learning theory
Theory of human behavior that stresses the role of external influences on behavior (John Watson)
-The way people behave is a consequence of their experience in their immediate environment (monkey see, monkey do)
Classical conditioning
Process of associative learning that results in a response to a previously neutral stimulus
-Sound of a steel bar being struck every time a child sees a bunny=fear of bunnies
Operant conditioning
Behavior acquired as a result of prior consequences/rewards (BF Skinner)
-Skinner Box
Behaviorism
Consequences of a behavior determine whether or not that behavior is repeated in the future
Social learning theory
Learning occurs through imitation or observational learning (Albert Bandura)
Congitive-development theory
How people think and how thinking changes over time (Jean Piaget)
Information-processing theory
Human cognition consists of mental hardware (cognitive structures) and mental software (sets of cognitive processes)
Vygotsky’s theory
Every aspect of a child’s development must be considered against the backdrop of culture
-Do Americans value education more than other cultures?
Ecological Systems Perspective
Development is inseparable from the environment in which a person develops
Microsystem
A child’s closest influences
-Peers, family, school, church, neighborhood
Mesosystem
How factors interact with each other which interact with that child
-What time parents pick kid up from school, how involved parents are in their kid’s school (PTA)
Exosystem
Not directly influences child, but influences mesosystem
-Parent’s job, media, extended family, neighbors
Macrosystem
Ideology and laws that child lives in/values
-Laws and customs of one’s culture and healthcare
Biopsychosocial framework
- Biological forces
- Sociocultural forces
- Psychological forces
4 approaches to doing developmental research
- naturalistic observation
-observing a person in real life situations - structured observation
-creating a setting to bring out behavior of interest
3.self report
-written or verbal answers to questions about the topic of interest
>answers only as good as person’s memory and honesty
4.physiological measures
-brain imaging and heart rate monitoring
>specialized for measuring specific behavior
Reliability
Extent to which a measure provides a consistent result
-weighing yourself on a scale every 5 min will be the same number
Validity
Extent to which a measure assesses what the researcher thinks its assessing
-sample must be representative of the population of interest
Case study
Intensive study of one or a small number of individuals or families
Correlational study
Examining 2 or more variables to see if they are linked in anyway
Control group
Group that does not get the experimental treatment
Experimental group
Group that gets the experimental treatment
Random assignment
Assigning experimental and control groups randomly
Experiment
Research design in which the researcher controls conditions to draw conclusions about cause and effect
Independent Variable
What gets manipulated in the experiment
-Ex:feeding kids soda (x)
Dependent Variable
Outcome or consequence the researcher wants to measure
-Ex:obesity based on consumption of drinks (y)
Replication
Repeating a study using the same methods
-verify or challenges original data
Hypothesis
Prediction that can be tested and supported or rejected based on evidence
Representative sample
Group of participants that represents a larger population to draw conclusions about
Scientific method
The procedure for testing ideas
- Formulate a question based on theory or past research
- Develop a hypothesis
- Conduct a study to test hypothesis
- Analyze the data
- Make findings public
