Chapter 9 Flashcards
Botulism
Etiological agent: Clostridium botulinum toxin
Paralysis of cranial nerves - creeping paralysis that begins at the head and moves caudally
supportive treatment no prevention, no zoonosis
Canker
Fusobacterium Necrophorum
Chronic hypertrophic, moist pododermatitis - frog is very friable and has cottage cheese like appearance
debridement and topical antimicrobial agents
prevent by keeping the environment dry
not zoonotic
Lyme Dz
Borrelia burgdorferi
- signs: Low-grade pyrexia, depression, lameness, loss of appetite, joint swelling
- dx: ELISA or IFA
- tx: IV tetracycline and oral doxycycline
- prev: insecticides, vaccinations, Antimicrobial if known-exposure to ixodes
- ZOONOTIC
Potomac Horse Fever
- Etiological agent: Neorickettsia risticii ( Horse infected by eating one of the flies, which is an intermediate carrier)
- signs: depression, diarrhea, fever, toxemia, abortion, laminitis
- dx: PCR
- tx: oxytetracycline, fluid tx, NSAIDs
- ZOONOTIC
Rain Rot
Dermatophilus congolensis
-crusty scabs or matted tufts of hair with yellow to green pus under larger scabs
DX: isolation of causative agent
TX: antimicrobial therapy
Salmonellosis
Salmonella spp.
Signs: carrier, mild clinical, or acute clinical
mild clinical: depressed, anorexia, depression, and watery diarrhea
acute: foul-smelling diarrhea, abdominal pain, depression, anorexia, and pronounced neutropenia
DX: clinical signs, neutropenia, and fecal cultures
TX: IV fluids, electrolytes, plasma
ZOONOTIC
if streptococcus abscesses spread thru body, what’s it called
Metastatic or bastard strangles
Strangles
Streptococcus equi
C/s: pyrexia, mucopurulent nasal discharge, difficult swallowing, abscessation
DX: bacterial cultures from the nasal swabs, PCR, Serology, signs
TX: supportive care, penicillin
Prev: vaccine
High morbidity, low mortality
Tetanus
Clostridium tetani
Signs: entrance through puncture wounds - incubation. 1 to 60 days
Puncture wounds that contain rusty metal, dirt, or manure are particularly likely
Generalized stiffness, sawhorse appearance
TX: quiet dark area, water high in stall, tetanus antitoxin, sedatives, muscle relaxants
50% mortality
Feed and water should be placed high so that the horses don’t have to lower their heads to eat and drink
Thrush
Fusobacterium Necrophorum
signs: characteristic odor, black discharge, lameness
DX: clinical signs
TX: clean away affected area
Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis
Sarcocystis neurona or neospora hughesi
Signs: asymmetrical muscle atrophy (quads and gluteal), CN damage➡️tongue atrophy, recumbency
Dx: necropsy
Tx: antiprotozoal drugs, NSAIDs, vitamin E
Prev: reduce opossum (definitive host)access to horse feeds and pastures
Piroplasmosis
Protozoa babesia equi, babesia caballi (tick borne)
Thirst,eye problems, anemia, pyrexia, depression
Dx: blood smears, IFA, PCR
TX: imidocarb dipropionate &/or tetracyclines
Prev: movement restriction, tick feeding prevention
Dermatophytosis
Trichophyton equinum
Small round lesions covered with small scales
Dx: wood lamp, culture, or histopath
Tx: povidone iodine, thiabendazole
Prev: tx environ w diluted bleach
White Line Dz
Invasion of bacteria, fungus, or yeast into inner horn
Cheesy material, air pockets. Lameness, sole warm to touch, black foul smelling substance similar to thrush
tx resection of underlying hoof wall and topical application of antiseptic
Encephalomyelitis
Equine alphavirus, mosquito vector
Fever, ataxia, anorexia, paralysis, circling, head pressing, hyper excitability
Dx: presumptive until death
Supportive tx
Vaccine prevention
Equine Arteritis
Equine arteritis virus
Flu like symptoms, abortion, pneumonia in young horse
Basically respiratory and venereal transmission + signs. Transmission via bodily fluids, aborted fetus, stallion semen can be chronically or acutely affected by virus
Dx: paired serum samples, virus isolation, viral antigen, viral nucleic acid detection
Tx: NSAIDs, diuretics, rest
stallion natural reservoir
stallions that carry equine arteritis virus should be surgically castrated
Equine Infectious Anemia
Equine lentivirus of retroviridae family
Fever, lethargy,anorexic, anemic, thrombocytopenia
Dx: AGID, Vira-CHECK ELISA-
No tx, euthanasia or quarantine
reportable dz
Equine Influenza
Orthomyxoviridae
Pyrexia, anorexia, wt loss, mucopurulent nasal discharge, tachypnea
Dx: virus isolation, immunoassay, PCR, ab titers
Tx: NSAIDs, supportive
Vaccine prevention
equine influenza A often affects horses that intermingle with other horses, as at rodeos and horse shows
Rabies
Rhabdovirus
enters horse body via saliva of infected animal
Progressive dz lameness, ataxia, cranial nerve, loss of bladder control
Dx: histology
Vaccine prevention, no cure. Fatal
ZOONOTIC
Rhinopneumonitis
Equine herpesvirus type 1 and 4
Mucopurulent discharge, lymphadenopathy, coughing, abortion
Dx: PCR, postmortem
Tax: isolate infected horses, supportive care
horses with respiratory form of equine herpes infection should be isolated because they’re contagious
Vesicular stomatitis
Rhabdoviridae - black fly, sand fly, mosquito, house fly
Pyrexia, excessive salivation. White vesicles on oral mucosa, coronary band, prepuce, muzzle, udder
Dx: ab detection, viral genetic material detection, viral isolation
Limited tx, horses recover 7-14 days
West Nile Virus
Faviviridae, Mosquitos
Low-grade fever, depression, colic, personality change, coma, paralysis
Dx: IgM-capture, MAC-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of serum or CSF, PRNT of serum or viral isolation and PCR brain tissue
Vaccine prev
Supportive tx
Cutaneous papillomas
Equus caballus papillomavirus type 1 can be spread by fomite
Warts around the lips and muzzles of horses but can appear on eyelids, prepuce, inner thighs, and distal lambs
most disappeared spontaneously prevent with vaccines
recurrent airway obstruction
Allergic or respiratory disease
chronic cough nasal discharge respiratory difficulty
diagnosed based on history and PE findings
Tx: reduce allergen exposure, bronchodilators, levamisole
prevent and control by reducing dust
Cushing’s
Cortisol excess
signs: PUPD, long thick curly hair coats, not shedding, laminitis, loss of muscle tone over back
DX: ACTH test
TX:cyproheptadine or pergolide mesylate
Exertional myopathies (tying UP, azoturia)
Caused by exercise
Signs: cramping fatigue and muscle pain.
2 types so sporadic and chronic exertional rhapbdomyolysis
DX: increased CK or AST levels
TX: feeding the diet of forage at 1.5-2% of body weight
Recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis
Signs: muscle stiffness, sweating and refusal to move
Necrosis of striated skeletal muscle is especially associated with exercise
TX: try to reduce anxiety, regular exercise, turn out or use of hot walker, dantrolene or phenytoin
Common thoroughbred, arabian, standardbred
Laminitis
Inflammation of sensitive laminae of the foot. Thought to be a transient ischemic associate w. coagulopathy that leads to break down and degeneration of the union between horny and sensitive laminae
Depression, anorexia, reluctant to stand
Dx: hx (grain overload), posture, inc hoof temp, hard pulse digital aa, reluctant to move
Tx: anti inflammatories, nerve blocks
Prevent by decrease concussion ?
Navicular Dz
Chronic degenerative condition of the navicular bursa and navicular bone
lameness short, choppy stride pointing of the toe
DX: clinical diagnosis, radiographic changes, diagnostic nerve blocks
TX: anti-inflammatories, nerve blocks
prevention: decreased concussion
Laryngeal hemiplegia
Progressive loss of fibers of recurrent laryngeal nerve
Inspiratory noise during exercise and exercise intolerance
Dx endoscopy
Tx prosthetic laryngoplasty can stabilize affected side of larynx during inspiration and prevent dynamic collapse of the airway during exercise. Laryngeal ventriculectomy may improve airflow and reduce roaring sound during exercise
High protein diets and some medications can cause what
Insufficient iodine consumption or goitrogen consumption during pregnancy can lead to
Most common location of lameness and large animals
Hypothyroidism
Congenital hypothyroidism and goiter
Front limb with the exception of standardbreds
