Chapter 13 Flashcards
Anthrax
Bacillus anthracis Source: Contaminated soil- spread by insects Signs: acute, febrile, septicemia, death- ataxia and bleeding from orifices *Bleeding from the orifices and the absence of rigor mortis are clinical signs of anthrax* Diagnosis: blood smear Treatment: None, oxytet or penicillin if early Prevention: Vaccination- ****Zoonotic: REPORTABLE DISEASE***
Brucellosis
Brucella abortus Source: infected placentals, fetuses, milk, uterine discahrge, congenital infection can occur
Signs: *Brucellosis causes abortion in cattle between 7 and 8 months of gestation. Or epididymitis in bulls*
Diagnosis: blood agglutination, milk ring tests, CF tests, Rose Bengal Test Treatment: None, Prevention: Vaccination calves 4-8 months old and screening
*Zoonotic: Brucellosis causes undulant fever in humans.*
Blackleg
Etiological Agent: Clostridium chauvoei Source: Signs: Cattle diagnosed with blackleg are often found dead. Diagnosis: Histopathology, necrotic muscle on necropsy, fluroescent antibody Treatment: None, if you catch it early penicillin and NSAIDs Prevention: Vaccination
Calf Enteritis
incl prevention
Etiological Agent: E.Coli, clostridium perfringens, rotavirus and corona virus, cryptosporidiosis, salmonella
Source: *Calf scours is a major cause of death in the first few weeks of life*
Signs: Diarrhea, *dehydration* Treatment: supportive care, dehydration care
*Prevention: proper passive transfer, vaccination and good feeding practices* *Zoonotic: Yes*
Foot Rot
Dichelobacter nodosus, fusobacterium necrophorum
Signs: lameness, inflammation and necrotic tissue
Diagnosis: clinical signs
Treatment: debridement and hoof trimming- topical antibacterial agents and /or astringents
*Prevention: proper management, foot baths*
Johne Dz
Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis
Signs: silent, subclinical, clinical and advanced clinical- weight loss and profuse watery diarrhea, decreases in production
Diagnosis: clinical signs, IFA test
Treatment: depopulation ***Johne disease is difficult to remove from herds. Prevention: proper management , culling all heifers from infected cows, good hygiene, and pasteurization of pooled colostrum
Zoonotic: Yes possible relation to crohn disease****
Lepto
Etiological Agent: Spirochete leptospira (bacterium) Source: contaminated environment with urine Signs: abortion storm, loss of milk, septicemia, hemoglobinuria, *Leptospirosis often presents as an abortion storm.* Diagnosis: swollen dark kidneys on necropsy, paired serum samples Treatment: vaccination and antibiotic therapy Prevention: vaccination *Zoonotic: Yes*
Listeriosis
Bacterium Listeria monocytogenes Source: *Listeriosis is often contracted through contaminated silage.* Signs: fever, facial nerve paralysis, tongue hanging from mouth, circling, drooping ears, blindness, abortion Diagnosis: Culture Treatment: penicillin and nsaid Prevention: proper management of silage feeds
Lumpy Jaw
Bacterium Actinomyces bovis Source: skin punctures, oral punctures Signs: mass formation on the mandible Diagnosis: clinical signs Treatment: often ineffective - Debridement and antibiotics
Malignant edema
Etiological Agent: Clostridium septicum Source: soil and GI tracts of some animals Signs: Formation of edematous areas, loses weight and then toxemia Treatment: Penicillin and NSAID Prevention: Vaccination
mastitis
Etiological Agent: *95% are caused by Streptococcus agalactiae, and Staphylococcus aureus*, others coliforms- release endotoxins Source: Cow to cow Signs: Clinical mastitis- clinical signs- clumps or foul odor- hot mammary gland or visualization of abnormal milk as above Subclinical mastitis-sampling and testing, no visible signs Diagnosis: sampling testing milk *strip cup tests cheapest screening* Treatment: antibiotics and good sanitation for Strept ag. Staphylococcus aureus causes microabcesses
Types of mastitis
Contagious mastitis: Can be spread directly from cow to cow, usually at milking time (milking machines or contaminated hands or towels). Environmental mastitis: Spread to individual cows through environmental contamination of bedding, soil, standing water, or feces. Gangrenous mastitis: Severe infection that results in destruction of the affected quarter, with necrosis and sloughing. Severe Staphylococcus infections and wounds that allow Clostridium spp. to become established may result in gangrenous mastitis. Clinical mastitis: Visible signs of disease in the milk and/or the affected quarter. Subclinical mastitis: No visible signs of disease. Causes the greatest economic loss to dairy farmers because of lowered production. Requires special diagnostic testing of the milk for diagnosis.
mastitis tests
Strip cup examinations are the cheapest screening test available for mastitis. First milk (foremilk) is squirted onto the black lid and observed for abnormalities and odor CMT Uses white paddle and CMTM which gels when there is increased somatic cells *To interpret results of the California mastitis test, technicians observe the consistency and color changes that occur within the sample.*
somatic cell counts
indirectly measure leukocytes and epith cells entering mammary gland as a result of damage
CMT Scores
Test Score Interpretation in Cattle N Normal (0–200,000 cells/ml) T Normal (150,000–500,000 cells/ml) 1 Suspicious (500,000–1,500,000 cells/ml) 2 Mastitis (1,500,000–5,000,000 cells/ml) 3 Mastitis (>5,000,000 cells/ml)
metritis
Etiological agent: Common causes Actinomyces, corynebacterium pyogenes, streptococci, staphylococci, coliforms, and gm - anaerobes Source:Uterine infections are commonly associated with dystocia and retained placentas. Signs: whitish to yellowish mucopurulent vaginal discharge Diagnosis: signs Treatment: antibiotics Prevention: hygiene
pinkeye
Etiological agent: Moraxella bovis Source: *Dry dusty environments can exacerbate pinkeye.* Signs: blepharospasm, lacrimation, photophobia, keratitis, conjunctivitis, corneal opacity and ulceration Diagnosis: Clinical signs Treatment: antibiotic therapy and isolation Prevention: Low stocking rates, fly prevention
Shipping Fever
Etiological Agent: Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida Source: The bacteria that cause shipping fever are normal flora of the upper respiratory tract. Signs: depression, low head carriage, wet cough, open-mouth breathing, weight loss, fever, wheezing, crackling Treatment: antimicrobial therapy and NSAIDs Prevention: hygiene, environmental hygiene, vaccinations
Vibriosis
Etiological Agent: Gram-neg or spiral polar flagellated Campylobacter fetus Source: venereally, contaminated instruments, infected semen or bedding. Signs: Early embryonic death Diagnosis: Culture Prevention: Vaccinations, antibiotic treated semen
wooden tongue
Etiological Agent: Actinobacillus lignieresii Signs: *Wooden tongue causes abscesses on the tongue that result in swelling of the ventral jaw* Treatment: Tetracycline, erythromycin or tilmicosin
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
Etiological Agent: Prion Source: Ingestion of infected meat and bone meal Signs: nose licking, teeth grinding, snorting and leads to ataxia, muscle tremors Diagnosis: Brain tissue prion identification Treatment: None Prevention: control of by-product feeding Zoonotic: No *Political and economic losses make prevention of bovine spongiform encephalopathy outbreaks extremely important.*
Dermatophytosis
Etiological Agent: Trichophyton verrucosum or Microsporum spp. Source: Spores in the environment Signs: *Ringworm often causes encrusted circular lesions on the head and neck* Treatment: spontaneous remission or antifungals Prevention: Sunshine Zoonotic: YES
Trichomoniasis
Etiological Agent: Tritrichomonas faetus, a protozoan Source Infected animals Signs: Early embryonic death Diagnosis: Culture Treatment- cull bulls and separate cows who are infected. Prevention: **Tritrichomonas foetus can survive the semen freezing process.**
Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Paramyxovirus RNA
nasal and ocular discharge
Virus Isolation, or paired sera
Treatment: Supportive care
Prevention: Vaccinations
bovine viral diarrhea
Flaviviridae
Secretions and excretions of infected cattle: Also cow to calf in fetus- causes death of fetus
*Because of carriers, elimination of bovine virus diarrhea is difficult.*
Virus Isolation from buffy coat
Prevention: Vaccination
FMD
Etiological Agent: Picornaviridae virus Source: Air, contaminated animals, contaminated facilities, cloths, and vehicles, raw or improperly cooked garbage containing infected meat or animal products and through semen. Signs: drooling because of the major erosion of oral tissue caused by lesions on the tongue and hard palate; not eating; lame if coronary band lesions Treatment: none Prevention: *It has been estimated that if a foot and mouth outbreak were to occur in the United States, the economic losses could be in the billions of dollars within 1 year.*
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
Etiological Agent: Bovine herpes virus 1 Source: infected animals Signs: fever, ocular discharge, mucopurulent nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, depression, cough and dyspnea. Often secondary bacterial infections. Diagnosis: Clinical signs, virus isolation Prevention: Vaccination
Fatty Liver Dz
Etiologic agent: Overnutrition *Cows should have a body condition score of 3 to 3.5 on a 5-point scale before calving.* Signs: None Prone to develop ketosis- Diagnosis: Off feed or on necropsy
Hardware Disease- Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis
Etiological Agent- Metal Source: Metal in foods Signs: Decrease in milk production, pyrexia, tachycardia, dehydration, shallow respirations, arched back and grunting. Diagnosis: history and clinical findings Treatment: surgical removal, antibiotics /magnet Prevention: Proper management in housing *Prevention of hardware disease includes prophylactic treatment with magnets and good feed management.*
Hypocalcemia - milk fever
Etiological Agent: Low Calcium levels Signs: Sternal or lateral recumbency, ataxic, head bobbing, cold extremities, bloat, tachycardia approaching 120 . Although suggested by the name “milk fever,” fever is not a clinical sign of hypocalcemia. Treatment: Replacement of calcium, via iv Prevention: Proper body scores before parturition.
hypomagnesemic tetany
Etiologic agent- low levels of magnesium Source- lush pastures, silage diets Signs: convulsions, stiffness, hyperexciteability, dilated pupils, frothing at the mouth, muscle spasms and death. Treatment: Control convulsions- administration of magnesium and calcium *Animals that are found dead may show indications of convulsions before death, such as disruption of the dirt around them.*
freemartinism
A freemartin is a female born twin to a male, with normal appearing external female genitalia but grossly abnormal internal genitalia. From a blood vessel communication in utero allowing testosterone to communicate and influence the female. Affects 23% of the females born twin to a male. *Freemartins have an abnormally short vagina.*
ketosis
Etiologic agent: acetonemia or ketonemia Primary or secondary to metritis, LDA, RDA, fatty liver, retained placenta, stress Signs: weight loss, depression, *sweet-smelling breath*, nervous licking and biting Diagnosis: Clinical signs and confirmation of excess ketone production Treatment: Replacement of glucose, propylene glycol, glucocorticoid.
lameness
Etiology: ulcers, foreign body, white line disease, fractures, spondylosis, degenerative joint disease, tarsal bursitis, dislocations, paresis, sand cracks, carpal hygroma, arthritis, frostbite, and ergot. Prevention: regular trimming of the hooves.
LDA/ RDA/ Abomasal Volvulus
displaced abomasum (to L or R) creates characteristic ping on affected side, tx by sx restoring to correct position
Polioencephalomalacia
metabolic condition -> neuro signs (opisthotonus, cortical blindness, convulsions, paddling, head pressing, ataxia) potential causes: insuff thiamine, dietary urine acidifiers, sulphur tox dx: signs + thiamine HCl IV response
uterine prolapse
rectal prolapse
retained placenta
usually right after or within a few hrs of giving birth.dairy cows more common. uterus hangs out vag and hypocalcemic tx hypocalcemia, caudal epidural, clean uterus, help position, oxytocin
elongated tube extending fr anus, replace, epidural, pursestring suture with 1.5 finger opening
caused by delayed sep of fetal membranes. oxytocin and pgf2 alpha, abx, tetanus prevention
bloat
urolithiasis
frothy = legume pastures or green chop. free gas = obstructed, hypomotility, positioning. Ping, rumen distension. Decompress or trocharization or rumenotomy
caused by urethral obstruction (urinary calculi). in SIGMOID FLEXURE. signs assoc w straining i.e. stranguria, hematuria, freq posturing to urinate. extend the penis and feel the urethral process, rectal exam. cath, retrograde fush, cystotomy and tube cystostomy of choice, urethrostomy prev: clean water, NaCl in diet, balance Ca/P
White Muscle Dz
Vit E or selenium deficiency uncoordinated movement, lame, hind limb paralysis, sudden death. can lead to flying scapula
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Ostertagia ostertagi
brown stomach worm
larvae destruct stomach glands -> severe diarrhea and wt loss. Type 1 prod eggs. feben, ivermectin. FF and necropy dx
Trichostrongylus axei
bankrupt worm or small stomach worm
bottle jaw. diarrhea and assoc signs–dhy, wt loss. prepatent 3 wks. dx: FF and necropsy. ivermectin and fenben tx
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Oesophagostomum
radiatum
nodular worm
prepatent 40 days. diarrhea poss. FF, necropsy. moxidectin, morantel tartrate
Cooperia (pectinata, punctata, spatulata, mcmasteri
cattle bankrupt worm
anorexia, dec growth. FF and necropsy. ivermectin and fenben
(surnabada))
Bunostomum phlebotomum
hookworm
anemia, diarrhea, wt loss. FF, necropsy. fenben and ivermectin
trichuris ovis
whipworm
prepatent 2mo. extreme can cause fatal hem into cecum. FF eggs, find adults in cecum and LI upon necropsy. ivermectin and fenben
capillaria
6 wk prepatent. FF eggs. ivermectin and fenben
Strongyloides
papillosus
1-2wk prepatent. FF - larvated eggs or larvae. tx: eprinomectin
Trichostrongylus
colubriformis
Hair Worm Black Scour Worm
FF eggs, small intest adults necropsy. levamisole, fenben
Haemonchus placei
barber’s pole or wire worm
prepat 17-21 d, eggs won’t larvate after 4-5 days in fridge. FF, find adults in abomasum upon necropsy. levamisole, ivermectin
Dictyocaulus
viviparous
lungworm.
prepatent 4 wks, resp symptoms. Baermann technique for larvae fr feces, FF, find adults in lungs upon necropsy. ivermectin and fenben
Fasciola hepatica
common liver fluke
prepatent 10-12 wks. hepatitis, anemia, dec performance
eggs fecal sed, ELISA, flukes in liver and bile ducts upon necropsy. clorsulon and nitroxynil
Moniezia benedeni
tapeworm
prepatent 40 days. proglottids in shit, FF, find adults in SI upon necropsy. feben, alben
Taenia saginata
Beef Cysticercosis
carcass condemnation or trimming. fr eating human shit. serologic tests and necropsy
Paramphistomum
spp
diarrhea
fecal sed
oxyclozanide, niclosamide
Babesia bigemina
babesia or pyroplasma
Texas Cattle Fever, splenomegaly, anemia. 14-70 d incubation
stained blood smear
berenil, phenamide
Nematodirus fiicollis,
Nematodirus
battus,
Nematodirus
spathiger
thin necked intestinal worm
n. battus especially dangerous. 14-21 prepatent
FF, adults in intest upon necropsy. ivermectin, fenben
Eimeria
bukidnonensis,
Eimeria
aubemensis,
Eimeria bovis,
Eimeria cylindrical,
Eimeria
alabamensis,
Eimeria zurnii,
Eimeria ellipsoidalis
coccidiosis, bloody diarrhea, dec perform. 12-18 d prepat
FF, hemorrhagic intest w/ white raised lesions upon necropsy. Sulfaguanidine, monensin
cryptosporidium spp.
diarrhea in calves 2-14 wks
ZOONOTIC
FF, support
Ostertagia ostertagi
brown stomach worm
larvae destruct stomach glands -> severe diarrhea and wt loss. Type 1 prod eggs. feben, ivermectin. FF and necropy dx
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