Chapter 18-21 Additions Flashcards
camelid repro info
clinical signs of impending parturition
nursing info
polyestrus, induced ovulators. twinning more common in llama
vulva elongation, loss if interest in eating/grazing. separating from herd, inc urination freq. Camelids do not eat the placenta
cria should nurse within 6-8 hrs of birth. don’t feed grain before 3 mo, discourages milk consumption and they need the protein
bottle feeding
most accurate determination of passive transfer
what can you see on blood work of sick cria
feed q2h. less frequent and larger feedings tend to cause acidosis. repeated tube feeding may cause esophagitis, try to bottle feed
radial immunodiffusion test. best time to test b/w 36h and 7 days…..also serum readings
deciduous and perm dental formulas for camelids
camelid diet type
Deciduous 2(I 1/3 C1/1 P2–3/1–2)
Permanent 2(I 1/3 C1/1 P1–2/1–2 M3/3)
functional ruminants; convert roughage to usable nutrients. Llamas will not break thru ice to drink
- Camelids are sensitive to copper*
- iron deficiency factor in failure to thrive syndrome
- Zn deficiency may present as dermatitis in llamas and alpacas
camelid blood collection
arterial blood sampling
high neck and low neck jugular. high neck decreases chance of arterial blood collection because jug vein is more superficial only clip wool with owner permission because some animals used for showing
high = sternomandibularis tendon landmark. nose perpendicular to cervical verterbrae
flicking vein may lead to waves of blood felt in occluding fingers; vein distension in high venipuncture not common
low = landmark enlarged transverse process of sixth cervical vertebrae….avoid the pulsating carotid aa! Confirm jug by observing filling when occluded between 5th and 6th cervical vertebrae
readily performed from low neck jugular venipuncture, allows for readily palp’d pulsing
abdominocentesis
bladder cath and camelids
how can you encourage defecation
- stay on linea alba d/t sig fat pads lining each side of linea alba* just caudal to umbilicus to dec chance of entering omentum
- females: dorsal approach prevents diverticulum entrance
halter and lead to dung pile
thoracocentesis
liver bx
oral meds
camelids have 12 ribs. always insert cranial boder, intercostal vessels on caudal aspect of each rib
needles placed correctly within diaphragm move cranially and caudally in synch with resp
be careful to not inject into cheek pouch, fear of ulceration if prolonged contact
IM injections in camelids
IV injections
SQ injection sites
tri’s, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, caudal cervical epaxial muscles. avoid neck muscles in camelids. multiple injections should be given at least one inch apart
same site as low neck jug venipuncture, inject towards the heart
sites incl just cranial to shoulder and caudal to elbow. common for camelids to kick out during procedure
camelid toenail trimming
sx considerations for camelids
- most only require hoof trimming once a year but some req 2-3x/yr*
- fast rec for patients > 4mo–12 to 18h, full water access* regurg can occur, elevate body. camelids usually don’t bloat in lat recumb or anesth. nasal edema prob most commonly recognized anesth complication in camelids. don’t use large pads, can limit venous return fr head and cause edema formation
xylazine
BZD
butorphanol
reduce anxiety fr environ stresses
ruminants respond favorably when used for calming effect. diazepam commonly used, best IV IM or SQ
opioid antag-ag. analgesic + sedative
Guaifenesin
atropine
induction of camelids
centrally acting muscle relaxant + sed. Conc > 10% known to cause hemolysis in ruminants should not be used
reduces aq portion of saliva, making mucus thicker, should not be used in ruminants because decreases GI motility
sed + keta common
gas anesth
llamas and alpacas
intubation
Before intubation, technicians should keep the nose of a camelid down to facilitate drainage of saliva and prevent pooling near the larynx.
Lack of jaw tone and absence of chewing or lingual response are used to indicate the appropriate time of intubation.
Feed material is often found in the mouth upon intubation. Care should be taken to avoid introducing this material into the airway.
most common injectable anesth agent in camelids
what is often reserved for patients too light during inhalation?
What seems to provide more stable plane of anesth?
camelids are more resistant than ruminants to sedative effects of which drug
ketamine
thiopental
double and triple drip combos
xylazine
ventilation, bp, hr parameters during anesth
adults: 10-20 breaths/min
crias: 15-25 breaths/min
ETCO2: 30-40 mmHg
PaCO2: 40-50 mmHg
MAP 80-100 mmHg in adults, 50 ok in cria
40-70 bpm adults
hot water blanket can be used to prevent hypothermia in young patients
*******
remember
castration
nasal/laryngeal edema can dev camelids, cause resp distress in recovery
camelids should be extubated with ET cuff inflated
around 2 yrs of age, if done earlier may dev straight hindlimbs that cause undue stress to joints; lateral patellar luxation; degen osteoarth of stifle joints
