Chapter 9 Flashcards
Flashbulb memory
A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
Memory
The persistence of learning over time through the storage and revival of information
Encoding
The processing of information into memory system
Storage
The retention of encoded information over time
Retrieval
The process of getting Information out of memory stages
Acoustic encoding
Listening, saying something out loud
Visual encoding
Mental pictures, images
Semantic encoding
Give meaning to the information
Self-reference effect
Finding personal meaning
Automatic processing
Some information is unconsciously encoded, incidental information since as time, space, and frequency of well learned info
Effortful processing
Some information requires attention and conscious effort
Rehearsal
The conscious repetition of information either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
Spacing effect
The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
Serial position effect
The tendency to recall best the last and first items on a list
Ebbinghaus retention curve
As reversal increases, relearning time decreases
Imagery
Mental pictures
Rosy retrospection
People recall events more positively that they evaluated them at the time they occured
Mnemonic devices
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
Chunking
Organizing items into familiar, manageable units, often occurs automatically
Hierarchies
When information is broken down into a few broad concepts, then divided into lesser concepts, categories, and facts
The method of loci
A memory aid in which a person Imagines themselves moving though familiar location and associates the location with a topic that needs to be remembered
Sensory memory
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
Short term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
Long term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
Working memory
a newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
Iconic memory
Visual sensory memory that that’s a for 1-2 seconds
Echoic memory
Auditory sensory memory that lasts 3-4 memory
George miller
Said that seven items are remembered in the short term memory
Long term potentiation (ltp)
an increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.
Amnesia
The loss of memory
Implicit memory
retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called procedural memory
Explicit memory
a memory of facts and experiences that once can consciously know and “declare.” (Also called declarative memory).
Hippocampus
a neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage.
Cerebellum
the brain region extending out from the rear of the brainstem, plays a key role in forming and storing the implicit memories created by classical conditioning.
Recall
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.
Recognition
a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.
Relearning
a memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.
Priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory. Ask a friend two rapid-fire questions: (a) How do you pronounce the word spelled by the letters s-h-o-p? (b) What do you do when you come to a green light? If your friend answers “stop” to the second question, you have demonstrated priming
Deja vu
that eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
Mood congruent memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood
Ebbinghaus
learned more lists of nonsense syllables and measured how much he retained when relearning each list, from 20 minutes to 30 days later. His famous forgetting curve indicates that much of what we learn we may indeed quickly forget
Proactive interference
the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
Retroactive interference
the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
Repression
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.
Misinformation effect
incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event.
Source Amnesia
attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (Also called source misattribution.) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.
Freud
Repression, psychoanalytic theory
Loftus
Famous psychologist known specifically for her work with memory
Repression
In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
(Freud)
