Chapter 4 Part 2

Question 0

Imprinting

Answer 0

The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

Question 1

Critical period

Answer 1

An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

Question 2

Primary sex characteristics

Answer 2

Body structures that enable reproduction (menarche, spermarche)

Question 3

Secondary sex characteristics

Answer 3

Non-reproductive sexual characteristics

Question 4

Lawrence kohlberg

Answer 4

Described the development of moral reasoning, the thinking that occurs as we consider right and wrong

Question 5

Preconcenventional morality

Answer 5

During this stage of character development, children obey either to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards

Question 6

Conventional morality

Answer 6

By this stage of character development, children uphold laws and social, rules sumo,y because they are the laws and rules

Question 7

Postconventional morality

Answer 7

By young adulthood, 15 or 16, people begin to affirm their own agreed upon rights of follows what one personally perceives as basic ethical principles

Question 8

Basic trust

Answer 8

according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.

Question 9

Self-concept

Answer 9

a sense of one’s identity and personal worth.

Question 10

Adolescence

Answer 10

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.

Question 11

Puberty

Answer 11

​: the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.

Question 12

Menarche

Answer 12

the first menstrual period

Question 13

Erik Erikson

Answer 13

: theorist that contended that each stage of life has its own psychosocial task, a crisis that needs resolution.

Question 14

Identity

Answer 14

: one’s sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.

Question 15

Intimacy

Answer 15

in Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.

Question 16

Menopause

Answer 16

: the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.

Question 17

Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 17

: a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning.

Question 18

Cross sectional study

Answer 18

​: a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.

Question 19

Longitudinal study

Answer 19

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period.

Question 20

Crystallized intelligence

Answer 20

one’s accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.

Question 21

Fluid intelligence

Answer 21

one’s ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.

Question 22

Social clock

Answer 22

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.

Question 23

Authoritarian parents

Answer 23

• Parents dictate rules and expect obedience.
• Parents are the bosses-they don’t believe they need to explain their actions or demands.
• A child should not ask questions.

Question 24

Permissive parents

Answer 24

• Make few demands and tend to submit to the wishes of their children.
• Children tend to have the final say.

Question 25

Authoritative parents

Answer 25

• Parents set and enforce rules after discussion with children.
• Discussion and negotiation take place between parent and child.
• Parents listen to their child’s wishes or suggestions but still have the final word.