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AP Psych > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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0
Q

Perception

A

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

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1
Q

Sensation

A

The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

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2
Q

Bottom up processing

A

Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brains integration sensory information

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3
Q

Top down processing

A

Information processing guided by higher level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

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4
Q

Psychophysics

A

The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity and our psychological experience of them

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5
Q

Absolute threshold

A

The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time

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6
Q

Signal detection theory

A

A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation. Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends
Partly on a persons experience expectations motivation and level of fatigue

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7
Q

Subliminal

A

Below ones absolute threshold for conscious awareness

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8
Q

Priming

A

The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing ones perception, memory, or response

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9
Q

Difference threshold

A

The minimum difference between two stimuli requires for detection 50 percent of the time, we experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference

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10
Q

Webers law

A

The principle that to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage

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11
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Diminished sensitivity s a consequence of constant stimulation

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12
Q

Transduction

A

Conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies into neural impulses our brains can interpret

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13
Q

Wavelength

A

The distance from the leak of one light or sounds save to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips orphaned cosmos rash to the long holes of radio transmission

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14
Q

Hue

A

The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light, we know it as the colors

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15
Q

Intensity

A

The amount of energy in a light or sounds wave which we perceive as brightness or kindness as determined by a waves amplitude

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16
Q

Pupil

A

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

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17
Q

Iris

A

A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

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18
Q

Lens

A

The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

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19
Q

Accommodation

A

The process by which the eyes lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

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20
Q

Retina

A

The light sensitive inner surface of the eye containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

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21
Q

Acuity

A

The sharpness of vision

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22
Q

Nearsightedness

A

A condition in which nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects because distant objects focus in front of the retina

23
Q

Farsightedness

A

A condition in which far away objects are seen more clearly than Near objects because the images of near I nears objects focused behind the retina

24
Q

Rods

A

Retinal receptors that detect black white and gray necessary for peripheral and twilight vision when cones don’t respond

25
Q

Cones

A

Retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in ayah light or in well lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.

26
Q

Optic nerve

A

The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

27
Q

Blind spot

A

The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a blind slot because no receptor cells are located there

28
Q

Fovea

A

The central focal point in the retina, around which the eyes cones cluster

29
Q

Feature detectors

A

Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shale angle or movement

30
Q

Parallel processing

A

The processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously, the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions including vision. Contrasts with a step by step processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving

31
Q

Young-helmholtz trichromatic theory

A

The theory that the retina contains three different color receptors, red green blue, that when stimulated in Combination can produce the perception of any color

32
Q

Opponent process theory

A

The theory that opposing retinal processes (red green, yellow blue, white black) enable color vision

33
Q

Color constancy

A

Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color even if changing illumination alters the wave lengths reflected by the object

34
Q

Frequency

A

The number if Cinderella wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

35
Q

Pitch

A

A tones experienced highness or lowness, depends on frequency

36
Q

Middle ear

A

The chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones( hanger anvil stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochleas oval window

37
Q

Cochlea

A

A coiled bony fluid filled tune in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses

38
Q

Inner ear

A

The innermost part of the ear containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs

39
Q

Place theory

A

In hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochleas membrane is stimulated

40
Q

Frequency theory

A

In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve I holes traveling oh the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense it’s pitch

41
Q

Conduction hearing loss

A

Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

42
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochleas receptor cells or to the auditory nerves, also called nerve deafness

43
Q

Cochlear implant

A

A device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea

44
Q

Gate-control theory

A

The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological gage that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The gate is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers or by information coming from the brain

45
Q

Sensory interaction

A

The principle that one sense may influence another, was when the smell of food influences it’s taste

46
Q

Vestibular sense

A

The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance

47
Q

Prosopagnosis

A

Failure of oerception, losing mortal lobe area essential to recognizing faces

48
Q

Bipolar cells

A

Activated by the chemical changes that generate neural signals and activate the ganglion cells

49
Q

Ganglion cells

A

Activated by bipolar cells, converge to form optic nerve

50
Q

Blindsight

A

Losing portion of brains visual cortex to stroke or surgery, blindness in part if vision

51
Q

Audition

A

The sense or act of hearing

52
Q

Cilia

A

The tiny hair in the ear

53
Q

McGurk Effect

A

If we hear a speaker saying one syllable while hearing another, we may perceive a third syllable that blends both inputs, Henry McGurk

54
Q

Olfaction

A

Experiences if smell

55
Q

Kinesthesis

A

The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

56
Q

Synesthesia

A

Neurological phenomenon in which stimulation on one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to automatic involuntary experiences Ina second sensory or cognitive pathway

AP Psych (15 decks)

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