Chapter 8 Part 1

Question 0

Associative Learning

Answer 0

Learning that certain events occur together (associate 2 stimuli)

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

A relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience

Question 2

Classical Conditioning

Answer 2

Learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response

Question 3

Behaviorism

Answer 3

The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes

Question 4

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 4

A Russian physiologist was studying the digestive system of dogs

Question 5

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 5

A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response

Question 6

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Answer 6

Unlearned response that is automatically associated with the US

Question 7

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Answer 7

Stimulus that does not elicit any response

Question 8

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 8

An originally irrelevant stimulus that after association then the US comes to trigger a CR

Question 9

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 9

Learned response to a previously neutral, but now conditioned, stimulus

Question 10

Acquisiton

Answer 10

The initial stage in classical condiditon, the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response

Question 11

Extinction

Answer 11

The diminishing of a conditioned response, occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus, when response in so longer reinforced

Question 12

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 12

The reappearance after a pause, or an extinguished conditioned response

Question 13

Generalization

Answer 13

The tendency once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

Question 14

Discrimination

Answer 14

In classical condiditon, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal and unconditioned stimulus

Question 15

John Garcia

Answer 15

Challenged the idea that association couldn’t be learned well. Did research on radiation on lab animals showing classical conditioning

Question 16

Taste Aversion

Answer 16

If a food makes you sick, you will stay away from that flavor

Question 17

Operant conditioning

Answer 17

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Question 18

Respondent behavior

Answer 18

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus, involuntary, automatic

Question 19

Operant behavior

Answer 19

Behavior that operates on the environment,producing consequences
- voluntary, operates on environment

Question 20

Edward Thorndike

Answer 20

Law of effect- rewarded behavior is likely to reoccur

-cats

Question 21

Law of effect

Answer 21

rewarded behavior is likely to reoccur

Question 22

BF Skinner

Answer 22

He was behaviorisms most influential and controversial figure. Well known for studies with rats. Operant chamber (skinners box)

Question 23

Shaping

Answer 23

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior, smaller goals

Question 24

Operant box

Answer 24

Skinners box, BF skinner

Question 25

Reinforcement

Answer 25

A stimulus or an event that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the realize will be repeated, strengthens behavior

Question 26

Primary reinforcers

Answer 26

The one that satisfies a biological need

Question 27

Conditioned/ secondary reinforcers

Answer 27

Paired with a primary reinforcer and has acquired value and reinforcement, been given meaning through association with a primary reinforcement

Question 28

Positive reinforcement

Answer 28

Increasing behavior by presenting a positive stimulus

Question 29

Negative reinforcement

Answer 29

Increasing a behavior by taking away an aversive stimulus

Question 30

Punishment

Answer 30

When an unpleasant consequence decreases the likelihood the behavior will be repeated

Question 31

Positive punishment

Answer 31

Adding something aversive that decreases the likelihood the behavior will be repeated

Question 32

Negative punishment

Answer 32

Withdraw a desirable stimulus to decrease the likelihood the behavior will be repeated

Question 33

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 33

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.

Question 34

Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement

Answer 34

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.

Question 35

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

Answer 35

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.

Question 36

Variable-Ratio Schedule

Answer 36

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.

Question 37

Fixed-Interval Schedule

Answer 37

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.

Question 38

Variable-Interval Schedule

Answer 38

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.

Question 39

Punishment

Answer 39

an event that decreases the behavior it follows.

Question 40

Cognitive map

Answer 40

a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it

Question 41

Latent learning

Answer 41

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.

Question 42

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 42

a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake.

Question 43

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 43

a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment.

Question 44

Observational learning

Answer 44

learning by observing others, also called social learning

Question 45

Modeling

Answer 45

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.

Question 46

Mirror neurons

Answer 46

frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy.

Question 47

Prosocial behavior

Answer 47

positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior.

Question 48

Albert Bandura

Answer 48

Famous bobo doll experiment