Chapter 8 Part 1 Flashcards
Associative Learning
Learning that certain events occur together (associate 2 stimuli)
Learning
A relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience
Classical Conditioning
Learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response
Behaviorism
The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes
Ivan Pavlov
A Russian physiologist was studying the digestive system of dogs
unconditioned stimulus (US)
A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response
Unconditioned Response (UR)
Unlearned response that is automatically associated with the US
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Stimulus that does not elicit any response
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
An originally irrelevant stimulus that after association then the US comes to trigger a CR
Conditioned Response (CR)
Learned response to a previously neutral, but now conditioned, stimulus
Acquisiton
The initial stage in classical condiditon, the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response
Extinction
The diminishing of a conditioned response, occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus, when response in so longer reinforced
Spontaneous Recovery
The reappearance after a pause, or an extinguished conditioned response
Generalization
The tendency once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
Discrimination
In classical condiditon, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal and unconditioned stimulus
John Garcia
Challenged the idea that association couldn’t be learned well. Did research on radiation on lab animals showing classical conditioning
Taste Aversion
If a food makes you sick, you will stay away from that flavor
Operant conditioning
A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
Respondent behavior
Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus, involuntary, automatic
Operant behavior
Behavior that operates on the environment,producing consequences
- voluntary, operates on environment
Edward Thorndike
Law of effect- rewarded behavior is likely to reoccur
-cats
Law of effect
rewarded behavior is likely to reoccur
BF Skinner
He was behaviorisms most influential and controversial figure. Well known for studies with rats. Operant chamber (skinners box)
Shaping
An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior, smaller goals
Operant box
Skinners box, BF skinner
Reinforcement
A stimulus or an event that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the realize will be repeated, strengthens behavior
Primary reinforcers
The one that satisfies a biological need
Conditioned/ secondary reinforcers
Paired with a primary reinforcer and has acquired value and reinforcement, been given meaning through association with a primary reinforcement
Positive reinforcement
Increasing behavior by presenting a positive stimulus
Negative reinforcement
Increasing a behavior by taking away an aversive stimulus
Punishment
When an unpleasant consequence decreases the likelihood the behavior will be repeated
Positive punishment
Adding something aversive that decreases the likelihood the behavior will be repeated
Negative punishment
Withdraw a desirable stimulus to decrease the likelihood the behavior will be repeated
Continuous reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.
Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement
reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.
Fixed-Ratio Schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.
Variable-Ratio Schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.
Fixed-Interval Schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.
Variable-Interval Schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.
Punishment
an event that decreases the behavior it follows.
Cognitive map
a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it
Latent learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.
Intrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake.
Extrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment.
Observational learning
learning by observing others, also called social learning
Modeling
the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.
Mirror neurons
frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy.
Prosocial behavior
positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior.
Albert Bandura
Famous bobo doll experiment
