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AP Psych > Chapter 8 Part 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Part 1 Flashcards

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0
Q

Associative Learning

A

Learning that certain events occur together (associate 2 stimuli)

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1
Q

Learning

A

A relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience

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2
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response

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3
Q

Behaviorism

A

The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes

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4
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

A Russian physiologist was studying the digestive system of dogs

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5
Q

unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response

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6
Q

Unconditioned Response (UR)

A

Unlearned response that is automatically associated with the US

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7
Q

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

A

Stimulus that does not elicit any response

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8
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

An originally irrelevant stimulus that after association then the US comes to trigger a CR

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9
Q

Conditioned Response (CR)

A

Learned response to a previously neutral, but now conditioned, stimulus

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10
Q

Acquisiton

A

The initial stage in classical condiditon, the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response

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11
Q

Extinction

A

The diminishing of a conditioned response, occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus, when response in so longer reinforced

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12
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

The reappearance after a pause, or an extinguished conditioned response

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13
Q

Generalization

A

The tendency once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

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14
Q

Discrimination

A

In classical condiditon, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal and unconditioned stimulus

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15
Q

John Garcia

A

Challenged the idea that association couldn’t be learned well. Did research on radiation on lab animals showing classical conditioning

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16
Q

Taste Aversion

A

If a food makes you sick, you will stay away from that flavor

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17
Q

Operant conditioning

A

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

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18
Q

Respondent behavior

A

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus, involuntary, automatic

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19
Q

Operant behavior

A

Behavior that operates on the environment,producing consequences
- voluntary, operates on environment

20
Q

Edward Thorndike

A

Law of effect- rewarded behavior is likely to reoccur

-cats

21
Q

Law of effect

A

rewarded behavior is likely to reoccur

22
Q

BF Skinner

A

He was behaviorisms most influential and controversial figure. Well known for studies with rats. Operant chamber (skinners box)

23
Q

Shaping

A

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior, smaller goals

24
Q

Operant box

A

Skinners box, BF skinner

25
Q

Reinforcement

A

A stimulus or an event that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the realize will be repeated, strengthens behavior

26
Q

Primary reinforcers

A

The one that satisfies a biological need

27
Q

Conditioned/ secondary reinforcers

A

Paired with a primary reinforcer and has acquired value and reinforcement, been given meaning through association with a primary reinforcement

28
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Increasing behavior by presenting a positive stimulus

29
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Increasing a behavior by taking away an aversive stimulus

30
Q

Punishment

A

When an unpleasant consequence decreases the likelihood the behavior will be repeated

31
Q

Positive punishment

A

Adding something aversive that decreases the likelihood the behavior will be repeated

32
Q

Negative punishment

A

Withdraw a desirable stimulus to decrease the likelihood the behavior will be repeated

33
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.

34
Q

Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement

A

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.

35
Q

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

A

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.

36
Q

Variable-Ratio Schedule

A

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.

37
Q

Fixed-Interval Schedule

A

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.

38
Q

Variable-Interval Schedule

A

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.

39
Q

Punishment

A

an event that decreases the behavior it follows.

40
Q

Cognitive map

A

a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it

41
Q

Latent learning

A

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.

42
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake.

43
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment.

44
Q

Observational learning

A

learning by observing others, also called social learning

45
Q

Modeling

A

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.

46
Q

Mirror neurons

A

frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy.

47
Q

Prosocial behavior

A

positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior.

48
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Famous bobo doll experiment

AP Psych (15 decks)

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