Chapter 1

Question 0

overconfidence

Answer 0

tending to think we know more then we do

Question 1

Hindsight bias

Answer 1

the tendency to believe after learning an outcome that one would have foreseen it

Question 2

critical thinking

Answer 2

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. rather it examines assumptions, evaluates evidence, and accesses conclusions

Question 3

scientific method

Answer 3

makes observations and questions, form theories and refine them

Question 4

theory

Answer 4

an explanation of using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

Question 5

hypothesis

Answer 5

a testable prediction often inspired by theory

Question 6

operational definition

Answer 6

a statement of the procedures used to define research variables. allows us to measure variables

Question 7

replicate

Answer 7

repeating the essence of a research study with different participants. Sees whether basic findings extend to other participants and circumstances

Question 8

case study

Answer 8

an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

Question 9

survey

Answer 9

a technique for ascertaining the self reported attitudes or behaviors of people by questioning

Question 10

false consensus effect

Answer 10

the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behoaviors

Question 11

population

Answer 11

all the cases in a group from which samples may be drawn for a study

Question 12

random sample

Answer 12

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

Question 13

naturalistic observations

Answer 13

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to control situation

Question 14

correlation

Answer 14

a measure of how two factors vary together and how well either factor predicts the other
coefficient statistics from -1 to 1

Question 15

scatterplots

Answer 15

a graphed cluster of dots which represent the value of two variables, suggest correlation

Question 16

illusory correlation

Answer 16

a perceived nonexistent correlation that we believe we see a relationship

Question 17

wording effects

Answer 17

the way surveys are worded have an impact on how the people will vote

Question 18

experiment

Answer 18

a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observes the effect on some behaviors or mental process

Question 19

double blind procedure

Answer 19

an experimental procedure in which both the research participant and staff and ignorant about treatment

Question 20

placebo effect

Answer 20

experimental results caused by expectations alone, any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition which is assumed to an active agent

Question 21

Experimental condition

Answer 21

the participants who are exposed to the treatment (one variable of it)

Question 22

control condition

Answer 22

the participants that serve as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment

Question 23

random assignment

Answer 23

assigning participants to experimental and control groups be change, minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to different groups

Question 24

independent variable

Answer 24

the experimental factor that is manipulated

Question 25

dependent variable

Answer 25

the outcome factor, the variable that may change in response to manipulations

Question 26

mode

Answer 26

most frequently occurring score in a distribution

Question 27

mean

Answer 27

the arithmatic average of a distribution, add them and divide by the number of them

Question 28

median

Answer 28

the middle number in a distribution

Question 29

range

Answer 29

the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

Question 30

standard deviation

Answer 30

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

Question 31

statistical significance

Answer 31

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

Question 32

culture

Answer 32

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next