chapter 9 Flashcards
cognition
mental activities associated with thinking knowing remembering and communication
concepts
mental grouping of similar objects events ideas and people
allows you to apply knowledge to instances you have never encountered
rule theory
defining features, all or none membership
limitations- not always clear features, typicality effects, fuzzy boundaries
prototype theory
an abstraction, based on characteristic features, limitations- context effects
exemplar theory
compare to all instances experienced
lmitations- resources
trial/ error
duh…
algorithim
logical rule/ procedure that guarantees correct solution
heuristics
mental short cuts
insight
sudden realization, AHA!
fixation
having a hard time thinking in a new way
functional fixedness
inability to see that an object can have a function other than its intended use
mental set
tendency to use procedures that worked before
confirmation bias
looking for evidence that fits hypothesis/ one’s beliefs, ignores contrary evidence
availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory
representativeness heuristic
base judgement on the degree to which object/ situation represents basic stereotype
over confidence
overestimate accuracy
framing
how a scenario is presented can affect decisions/ judgements
phoneme
smallest unit of sound
morpheme
smallest unit of meaning
semanitcs
how words express meaning
syntax
how words are put together
cooing
1 syllable sounds- 2 moths
babbling
sounds like the same language- 4 months
one-words statge
1 year
2 word stage
2 years
categorical perception
the ability to discriminate phonemic boundaries
innate and universal
experience plays a role
overextension
word is applied to broadly
underextension
word is applied too narrowly
skinner
operant conditioning
associate what is said with the result
imitation (parents)
language acquisition device
brain mechanism that allows us to acquire language quickly and easily
