Chapter 5 Flashcards
Developmental Psychology
study of physical cognitive and social change through lifespan
conception
combining of genetic material from sperm and egg
zygote
conception- week2, implantation occurs cells differentiate (specialize)
embryo
week 3-8 all major internal and external structures form
structures outside embryo- amniotic sac, placenta
umbilical chord- connection
Fetus
week 9-38, organs increase in size and weight
changes in external appearance, responsive to sound
age of viability
23 weeks
teratogens
environmental agents that can reach embryo/ fetus and cause harm
caffein- low birth weight, premature birth
smoking- impairs placenta, decrease in weight
alcohol- birth defects, fetal alcohol syndrom
rooting
reflex in which the newborn searches for nipple
palmar
reflex in which the newborn grasps can support own weight
sucking
reflex involving tonguing, swallowing, and breathing
startle
reflexes including fright etc…
preferences
a newborn prefers certain faces like mom and dad especially moms face and smell
novelty
a newborn prefers to look at novel stimuli
non-nutritive sucking
newborns will modify sucking to hear familiar sounds
habituation
decrease in responding with repeated stimulation
dishabituation
recovery of a response after changing the stimulus
cognition
all mental activities associated with thinking knowing remembering and communicating
schema
mental model that organizes and interprets info
assimilation
interpreting new experiences based on existing schemas
accomodation
adjust schema to include new info
Piaget’s Stages
1 sensorimotor
2 preoperational
3 concrete operational
4 formal operational period
sensori motor
explore environment through senses
object permanence
things exist even when not percieved
scale errors
can’t distinguish between big and small, real and representation
egocentrism
inability to take another’s perspective- 2`
conservation
physical properties conserved even when appearance changes-2
theory of mind
idea about your own and other’s mental states-2
transitivity
logically combine relations to draw conclusions-3
attachment
strong emotional bond with prime caregiver
secure base
the child will always come back to mom or dad
stranger anxiety
stress with unknown individuals
harlow monkey studies
baby monkeys were given surrogate mothers, monkeys spent time with the cloth mother, regardless of food
secure attachement
upset when mom leaves, happy upon return
avoidant
not upset when mom leaves, doesn’t approach upon return
resistant
upset when mom leaves, not comforted upon return
disorganized. disoriented
greatest insecurity
causes of insecure attachment
daycare? temperament? family stress?
self concept
our understanding of who we are
authoritarian parenting
power assertion, punishment, forced obedience
results in sense of powerlessness, antisocial behavior, reduced empathy, poor communication skills
authoritative parenting
inductor, explains why rules are in place,
results in internalized good behavior , more empathy, sense of control
permissive parenting
indifferent or indlugent
results in lack of self control, poor social skills, low respect for others, impulsive, immature, high crime rates
adolescence
transition period from childhood to adulthood, beginning with puberty
Preconventional Morality
1 level- before age 9, children show morality to avoid punishment or gain reward
conventional morality
2nd level- by early adolescence, social rules and laws are upheld for their own sake
Post conventional morality
affirms people’s agreed upon rights or follows one’s own ethical principles
emerging adulthood
period marked by frequent change from the late teens through the 20s.
risky behavior, age of exploration, instability, self focus, feeling in-between, possibilities
adulthood cognitive development
recall memory declines, recognition remains stable, prospective memory declines
reminiscence bump
between 10 & 30 years of age, good recalling memories
alzheimers
memory and reasoning decline, emotionally flat, disoriented, mentally vacant, neurons that produce acetylcholine deteriorate
crystallized intelligence
accumulated knowledge and verbal skills, increases in adulthood
fluid knowledge
ability to reason speedily about abstract concepts, decreases in adulthood
infancy stage
trust vs. mistrust
if needs are dependably met infants develop a sense of basic trust
toddlerhood
autonomy vs shame and doubt
toddlesr learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves or they doubt their abilities
preschool
initiative vs guilt
preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans or they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent
elementary school
competence vs. inferiority
children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks or they feel inferior
adolescence
identity vs role confusion
teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity or they become confused about who they are
young adulthood
intimacy vs isolaton
young adults struggle to form close relationships to gain the capacity for intimate love or they feel socially isolated
middle adulthood
generatively vs. stagnation
in middle age people discover a sense of contributing to the wrold usually through family and work or they may feel a lack of purpose
late adulthood
integrity vs. despair
reflecting on his or her life an older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure
