Chapter 9

Question 1

the key ideas of psychoanalysis (4)

Answer 1

psychic determinism - the mind has a cause, no room for free will or miracles, psychoanalysis digs deep into hidden part of brain to find answers
internal structure - human mind has conscioous, preconscious and unconscious
psychic conflict - mind is divided by impulse and reason and conflicts
mental energy - psychic energy motivates activity, and amount is constant over life, source of it is instincts

Question 2

explain the life and death instincts as proposed by Freud

Answer 2

the life (libido) instinct was made up by the original self preservation and sexual instincts. Due to witnessing war horrors, he developed a death instinct. humans had a fundamental instrincty toward destruction (death - thanatos) and it would manifest in aggression toward others. the life instinct referred to any sustaining, satisfying and pleasure oriented urges, while death was to harm distroy or aggress

Question 3

what is psychic determinism and why is it important to freuds ideas about the mind and behaviour

Answer 3

everything we do, think, say and feel is an expresson of the conscious, preconscious or unconscious mind. little freudian slips are expressions of the motivated unconscious usually (calling teacher dad). psychoanalysts dig deep into hidden part of the mind for answer

Question 4

hat were the forces that motivated people to do one thing and not another or that motivated people to do anything at all? Freud proposed a source of energy that is within each person’s psyche. operated according to the law of conservation of energy: The amount an individual possessed remained constant throughout life. Personality change was viewed as a redirection of a this.

Answer 4

psychic energy

Question 5

the basic source of psychic energy = strong innate forces providing all energy in the psychic system, called

Answer 5

instincts

Question 6

In Freud’s initial formulation, there were two fundamental categories of instincts: ___ ____ and ______. these ______ to darwins selection by survival and selection by reproduction. However recently, freud collapsed these two into one called the ____ instinct.

Answer 6

self preservation, sexual, correspond, life

Question 7

t/f - sometimes, the life and death instincts can combines in various ways

Answer 7

t - eating ie aggressive but sustinance, sexual assault is expressing death but fused w sexual energy

Question 8

t/f - psychic energy is not fixed and cannot be redirected

Answer 8

f - it is fixed and limited in each person and can be directed and redirected in many ways (ie. destructive behaviour can be channeled in socially acceptable channels)

Question 9

the three parts of the human mind according to freud:

Answer 9

the conscious - part containing all feelings, thoughts and perceptions we are presently aware of (what we are currently thinking)
the preconscious - info you are not currently thinking of, but can be easily retrieved and made conscious (dream you had, what your friend was in grade 7, security question answers)
the unconscious - the largest part of the mind, where we are unaware of urges that we were taught to control in society (sexual/aggression).

Question 10

posits that everyting we do, think and say and feel is an expression of the mind. freudian slips, litttle accidents that are often expressions of the motivated unconscious

Answer 10

psychic determinism

Question 11

freud believed that most symptoms of mental illness are caused by _____ motivations, memories or desires

Answer 11

unconscious

Question 12

as evidenced by Anna O’s ease of symptoms as a result of exploring them in depth and associating them with memories, shows that nothing is by accident. unconscious cause of the symptom must first be discovered usually in an unsettling, disagreeabke or repulsive experience

Answer 12

talking cure

Question 13

the ability of people who had strokes suffering cortical blindness to display interesting capacity to make judgements about objects they truly cant see. taken often as evidence of the unconscious, where despite not beeing able to see, the ind knows about something the other one doesnt know about (blind person pointing to a red ball). explained by nerve pathways.

Answer 13

blindsight

Question 14

The notion here is, if a person confronted with a difficult decision can put it out of their conscious mind for a period of time, then the unconscious mind will continue to deliberate on it outside of the person’s awareness, helping them to arrive at a “sudden” and often correct decision sometime later. This is sometimes called “unconscious decision making. conscious deliberatioin work best for simple decisions, unconscious works best for complex decsions with many factors

Answer 14

deliberation without attention

Question 15

freud believed that this part of the mind was completely submerged in the unconscious part of the mind. our mind tried to protect us by keeping urges from entering into conscious awareness

Answer 15

id

Question 16

part of the mind that creates urges. it is the most primitive part of the psyche, we are born with it. operates according to the pleasure principle (immediate gratification is dewsired), primary process thinking(no logical rules like dreams ie) where mental energy is invested in creating mental images of something that is not immediately available (____ ___). especially dominant in infancy

Answer 16

id, wish fulfillment

Question 17

a baby crying and whining when they try to reach for a cool toy but cannot get it. the ___ is operating here

Answer 17

id

Question 18

when someone is angry but target is too powerful to attack, one may engage in ___ ____ of imagining a fantasy of revenge on person. only works temporarily to gratify the ___.

Answer 18

wish fulfillment

Question 19

operates according to the reality principle. develops nin first 2-3y of life. constrains the id to reality and understands that the urges of the id are conflicting with social and physical reality (ie. a kid cant just grab candy from the store or hit children whenever due to conflict w societal and parent rules). gets that ____ id expression of impulses must be avoided, redirected, postponed. engages in ___ process thinking, which develops strategies for solving problems and getting satisfaction while accounting for constraints of physical reality ab when and how to express desire or urge (teasing at school is slightly more acceptable to satisfy aggressive urges than hitting). may be some urges still not appropriate to realoty or morality. can be ______, where psychic energy can be depleated by efforts toward self control, leaving less for next self control to experimental tasks

Answer 19

ego, direct, secondary process thinking

Question 20

contains infor you are not presently considering but can be easily retrieved and conscious

Answer 20

preconscious

Question 21

posits that the mind is divided, hence conflict exists between these parts. choosing between options = engaging in ___ ___, what we do when we are aware, try to do everyday. without _____, we would experience strong conflict and impulse, sometimes contradiction, distress is experienced here that must be managed

Answer 21

psychic conflict. comprimise formation, comprimise

Question 22

according to freud, personality change occurs with a ____ of psychic energy

Answer 22

redirection

Question 23

unconscious material can take a life of its own accoridng to freud. the ___ _____ material can leak into feelings, thoughts and behaviours (freudian slips)

Answer 23

unconscious motivation

Question 24

concerns how people cope w sexual and aggressive instincts within the constraints of civilized society.one part creates urges ___, another part has a sense of societal expectations (___), and another tries to satisfy urges within bounds of reality and society(___)

Answer 24

psychoanalytic personaqlity theory, id,superego, ego

Question 25

develops around age 5 and internalizes ideals, values and morals of society (some consider it the conscious). not bound by reality and pushes you to obtain ego ideal (what is right). man tool is enforcing right/wrong using ___

Answer 25

superego, guilt

Question 26

psychic energy can run via our __ ____, leaving less energy for later need to do this. it is like a muscle, more you use it less strength you have later. demonstrated thru radish cookie puzzle experiment

Answer 26

self control.

Question 27

the fact that you are more likely to spenf money on grocerues when hungry illustrates ___ ____

Answer 27

ego depletion

Question 28

signals that the control of the ego i being threatened by reality, id impulses or harsh controls by super ego. ego not coming to right negotiated solution

Answer 28

anxiety

Question 29

___ anxiety occurs in response to real, external threats to person (crossing road and a car comes at you out of control). ____ ANXIETY OCCURS WHEN A DIRECT conflict exists between id and ego (all impulses and you want to do them but the ego does not let you, ie. being scared of thinking people are cute but thinks a guy is cute). ___ anxiety is caused by conflict between ego and superego, (ie. feeling guilt over not living up to proper standards of eating healthy when binging with bulimia). job of ego in all 3 is to ___ with threats and ____ against dangers to reduce anxiety

Answer 29

objective, neurotic, moral, cope, defend

Question 30

7 defense mechanisms that reduce ego anxiety, and their two jobs are to ____ the ego and ____ qanxiety/stress: _____ is the process of preventing unacceptable thoughts, feels, memories and urges from reaching consciousness (brain is ina cage) (hating parents). people who engage in this have ____ anxiety and defensive scores, useful for ___ but lots of energy is spent here. ____ involves insisting that things are not how we see, refusing to see facts (ie. family dog wont die despiite it being sick). ___ involves threatenening/unacceptable impulse being unconsciously redirected to a less threatening target (, hitting wallor yelling at laptop instea of doing to another person). _____ invoves generating acceptable reasons for outcomes that appear unacceptable (most common in ___, involves tribulization - its not that important). _____ ____ silences unacceptable urges or engage in behaviour opposite of urge (kill with kindness). _____ involves seeing unwanted traits we have in others (moms ability to point out flaws quick, labelling people stupid = doubting own intelligenc3e). _____ involves channelling unacceptable sexual/aggressibe instincts into socially desirable activities (martial arts), one of the most adaptive defense mechanisms

Answer 30

protect, minimize, repression, more, short term, denial, displacement , rationalization - students, reaction formation, projection, sublimation

Question 31

freud argued that all people pass through stages of personality development, where first 3 conflict must be solved around obtaining sexual gratification. if they fail to resolve conflicts, may be stuck (especially first few): the ____ stage is until 18mo, child gets pleasure from mouth, key conflict is weaning, theme is dependency, fixation = dependent or overly dependent. the ___ stage lasts 18mo - 3 years where child gets pleasure from pooping and retaining during potty training. key conflict = tension vs control. theme. = self control. parental extremees = fixation (obediant and obsessed w order or anti authority). the ____ stage lasts 3-5, child discovers if they have a penis. key conflict is sexual desire toward parent (produces electra or oedipal conflict). resolves when superego develops and when ____ occurs (wanting to be like parent of same sex) , theme = gender identity/sexality, fixation = over or under sexualized. the ___ stage lasts from 6 to puberty, where less psyc development happens but focus on learning necessary skills /socialization and abilities for adult success. theme = cog dev. the ___ stage is puberty - life, stage is not accomp by a conflict, people get here only if other stage conflicts are resolved, and theme = creation/enhancing life, healthy adult relationships

Answer 31

oral, anal, phallic, identification, latency, genital

Question 32

a method of psychotherapy of deliberately restructuring personality, goal is to make unconsious conscious. first, ____ unconscious thoughts/feels. second, ___ person to deal with it realistically/maturely. techniques includes ______ ___ - encouragement to let mind wander and say whatever they think, ____ ____ - interpretation of dreams to uncover unacceptable urges/impulses (___ content - what happens in dream, ___ content - what elements of dream represent), ___ ___ - people project personalities and unconscious thoughts via ambig stimuli like inkblots

Answer 32

psychoanalysis. identify. enable, free association, dream analysis, manifest, latent, projective techniques

Question 33

process of psychoanalysis can be difficult and have challenges like ____ where the patiuent unconsciously sets up obstacles and their defenses are threatened by psychoanalysis, _______ where patient reacts to analyst as if they are an important figure from their life, displacing feelings onto them (___ ___ - play out interoersonal problems w new people)

Answer 33

resistance, transference, repititition compulsion

Question 34

3 reasons why psychoanalysis is imnportant

Answer 34

fondation for topics/questions asked by psychologists impact on western thought/culture, and on psychology and psychiatry continuing influence on psychotherapy

Question 35

5 criticisms of freud

Answer 35

historical value, no direct inform on current personality research freud did not believe in experimentation or hypothesis to establish validity relied on case studies of wealthy white women to generate a theory sexist theory general negative view of humans

Question 36

Commenting on the “failure to replicate” controversy, Baumeister, Tice, and Vohs (2018) make the point that laboratory experiments using simple cognitive tasks are different from everyday life, and that ego depletion ____ be observed outside the laboratory

Answer 36

can,

Question 37

Later, in a second task, the ego depletion group reacted more _____ to an insult than did the control group (Stucke & Baumeister, 2006). In studies of sexual restraint, ___ ____ subjects were found to be less likely than a group that did not undergo it to stifle inappropriate sexual thoughts and were more likely to consider engaging in sexual activity with someone other than their primary relationship partner

Answer 37

aggressively, ego depleated

Question 38

Controlling thoughts Managing emotions Overcoming unwanted impulses Controlling attention Guiding behaviour Making many choices require

Answer 38

self control

Question 39

Eating among dieters Overspending Aggression after being provoked Sexual impulses Logical and intelligent decision making are sensitive to

Answer 39

ego depletion

Question 40

Self-presentation for impression management Kindness in response to bad behaviour Dealing with demanding or difficult people Interracial interactions demand

Answer 40

self control

Question 41

Humour and laughter Other positive emotions Cash incentives Implementing intentions to cope with temptations with a specific plan Pursuing social values (e.g., wanting to help people, wanting to be a good relationship partner) are ways to counteract harmful effects of

Answer 41

ego depletion

Question 42

the part of the mind that internalizes the values, morals, and ideals of society. Usually, these are instilled into the child by society’s various socializing agents, such as parents, schools, and organized religions. Freud emphasized the role of parents in particular in children’s development of self-control and conscience, suggesting that the development of this was closely linked to children’s identification with their parents. makes us feel ashamed or embarrassed or guilty. the "angel" side of the shoulder. eventually divided into the ______ (ones sense of morality) and the __ ____ (deal image of the self). operates on the notions of what society deems is right. not bound by reality

Answer 42

superego, conscience, ego-ideal

Question 43

A well balanced mind is one that is free from anxiety and is gained by having a strong ______, which balances competing forces of the others. if the _____ and ____ overwhelm it, anxiety is present

Answer 43

ego, id, superego

Question 44

weinberger et al proposed that repression can be measured by examining combinations of scores on anxiety and defensiveness questionnaires. people who constantly denied engaging in faults that were somewhat undesirable scored ___ on defensiveness, and those who had self reported anxiety that was ____ and self reported defensiveness that was _____ were repressors. repressors had the ___ amount of subjective distress after matching phrases with angry and sexual overtones, but the ___est levels of physiological distress. consistent w freud saying that repressed unpleasent experienes still affect the individual

Answer 44

high, low, high, lowest, high

Question 45

when asked to recall pleasent or unpleasent experiences, repressors recalled _____ negative emotional experiences than others and were much _____ at the time of early negative memory. also had limited access to ____ memories. illustrates cost of repression = not being able to recall both types of memories. in emotional memories, this effect is strongest with onea bout the _____, as repressors could remember bad things happening to others. also stongest for memories associated with ___ and ___ consciousness. repressor memories are also ___e laborate when it comes to emotion compared to nonrepressor, likely due to trouble with recalling. also ___ prone to experiencing negative emotions and have been shown to demonstrate more ___, less____

Answer 45

fewer, older, positive, self, fear, self, prone, resilience, stress

Question 46

the tendency to blame events outside one’s control for failure but to accept responsibility for success is so common that psychologists refer to this as the___ and is associated w defence mechanism ___

Answer 46

fundamental attribution error, denial

Question 47

t/f - denial can present itself in daydreams, and when people minimize riska of unhealthy behaviours

Answer 47

t

Question 48

t/f - deliberately retaining anger is displacement

Answer 48

f - displacement happens out of awareness

Question 49

modern psychological research topic that is similar to freuds projection mechanism referring to a tendency people have to think people are similar (extraverts think everyone is extraverted)(everyone else is doing it)

Answer 49

false consensus effect

Question 50

How do you know when the use of defence mechanisms is becoming a problem?

Answer 50

The answer is twofold: you know a behaviour is becoming a problem if it begins inhibiting the ability to be productive or if it begins limiting the ability to maintain relationships. If either one of these areas in life is negatively affected—work or relationships—then you might wonder about a psychological problem

Question 51

At a psychological level, people who are fixated at the oral stage may be overly dependent: they may want to be babied, to be nurtured and taken care of, and thus to have others make decisions for them. Freud referred to this outcome as the oral _____ personality. Some psychoanalysts also believe that drug addiction (because it involves pleasure from “taking in”) is a sign of this type of oral fixation. Parents typically discourage a child from biting, particularly if the child bites other children or adults. Thus, the child has the conflict between the urge to bite and parental restrictions. People who fixate during this stage might develop adult personalities that are hostile, quarrelsome, or mocking. They continue to draw gratification from being psychologically “biting” and verbally attacking. Freud referred this alternative outcome as the oral _____ personality.

Answer 51

receptive, aggressive

Question 52

It was during the ___ stage that Freud said the ego developed, which is consistent with this focus on self-control. Some children achieve too little control and grow up to be sloppy and dirty. Freud referred to this as the anal ___ personality. however some children develop too much self control and take pleasure in it, reflecting an anal ____ personality 

Answer 52

anal, expulsive, retentive

Question 53

a fixation at the ____ stage results in a phallic personality, according to Freud, in which individuals are self-assured, vain, impulsive, and narcissistic in adulthood. 

Answer 53

phallic

Question 54

process of psychoanalysis

Answer 54

identify unconscious thoughts/feels using techniques like free associatoin, dream analysis and projection psychoanalyst gradually comes to understand pt problems, and offers interpretation patient is gradually led to understanding of unsconscious source of problems, the beginning of insight. integrate info back into conscious and feel associated emotions

Question 55

In the _____ method of dream analysis, individuals are instructed to write out a dream on paper and then circle or highlight some of the most meaningful words in the dream (or those words which stand out to the dreamer). This report of the dream and the key words contained within it constitute the manifest content of the dream. In order to access latent content, defined in contemporary terms as personal meaning, insight, or discovery related to a dream, individuals are then instructed to engage in a word association activity based on the most salient words in the dream report. This involves writing down the very first word that comes to mind when reading each original word or phrase. These words, or associations, can provide insight or meaning about one’s dream that may be of therapeutic value (Pessant & Zadra, 2004). In the method, individuals are also instructed to create a story or short narrative using the new words.

Answer 55

story telling