Chapter 7 Flashcards
1
Q
Explain the questions asked by psychologists regarding the role of human physiology in psychology
A
- whether some people will exhibit more or less of a physiological response than others in certain environmental conditions (introvert may avoid loud party due to overwhelming physical stimulation)
- which traits are connected to which psychological reactions under what conditions/in response to what stimuli?
2
Q
identify and describe the physiological measures commonly used in personality research
A
Electrodermal activity
Cardiovascular activity
Brain activity
3
Q
examine physiologically based theories of personlity and describe related findings in research
A
extraversion-introversion
—-eysenick
sensitivity to reward/punishment
—-Gray
sensation seeking
- –hebbs theory of optimal arousal
—- zuckermans research
Nt’s and personality
- genes working via nt systems to influence personality
morningness eveningness
Brain asymmetry and affective style
4
Q
refer to the functioning of organ systems within the body (like the cardiac and musculoskeletal system, which are physio systems)
A
physiological characteristics
5
Q
physiology is important to the extent that
A
differences in physiology create, contribute to, or indicate individual differences in psychological functionning (bs sensitivity to stimulation)
6
Q
ratio of the index finger to ring finger. females usually have ___digit ratio compared to males (___ than 1), while males have a digit ratio _____ compared to females (___ than 1). ratio is determined before birth through the exposure of testosterone, thought to be an indicator of the degree of testosterone one was exposed to in utero).
A
individual differences in digit ratio. longer, greater, smaller, less,
7
Q
with the digit ratio, a relationship between it and impulsive sensation seeking have been found. men with a _____ ring finger compared to index (___ digit ratio) scored higher in impulsive risk taking behaviours. results with females were less clear, though some research has found that females with ___ digit ratio were also associated with risk taking.
A
longer, low, low
8
Q
most common physiological measures in personality are obtained via _____, a noninvasive placing of sensors on a participants skin. Issue is that the participant is stuck as they are wired to polygraph, however, a new gen of elecrodues using ____, where electric signals are sent from the pp to the polygraph via radio waves, are helping to mitigate this (used in astronauts to monitor activity on earyj)
A
electodea, telemetry
9
Q
skin on palms of hands and soles of feet to measure sweat gland activity influenced by ANS. Responses are elicited by stimuli or lack of. Can detect personality (anxiety and neuroticims have chronic activation of sympathetic ns)
A
skin conductance or eda
10
Q
uses blood pressure or heart rate to measure f/f response. Changes can happen when performing a task in front of others, engaging in hard cognitive tasks, which indicate personality. research here has found type ___ to have chronic cardiac reactivity
A
cardiovascular, a
11
Q
used greatly in personality neuroscience. Measures brain function (changes in activation patterns) via imaging to look at activation; Use of ____and ___. Look at brain structure/size of areas; use of ____. look at connectivity. look at electrical activity and activation;____.
A
brain activity; FMRI,PET,MRI,EEG
12
Q
refers to changes in activation of brain regions in response to cognitive activity or events in the environment. measurable via fmri and pet scans to show which portions of brain are performing tasks
A
brain function
13
Q
measures activity level in areas of brain in terms of glucose consumption; more = more active neurons in area
A
fmri
14
Q
findings from an fmri scan showed that when looking at negative and neutral images, ____ was correlated with more frontal brain activation in response to negative images, and it does not correlate w resting brain activity
A
neuroticism
15
Q
research has found that people with ___ self esteem showed more activation in brain reward centres while looking at images opf themselves compared to those ____ in it
A
higher, lower
16
Q
instead of measuring how active a region is, this mechanism measures the volume or thickness in brain areas, has been used in correlating sizes of brain structures to big 5
A
mri
17
Q
the decade of the brain in the use was from___ -____, where the field of ___ expanded
A
1990-1999, neuro
18
Q
implications for personality from the decade of the brain included (3)
A
making tech more accessible
making tech, quality and info value of brain images
inclusion of brain imaging in studies
19
Q
The result of the decade of the brain with rapid increase in using brain imaging tech to measure personality differences
A
personality neuroscience
20
Q
4 categories of brain measurement in personality research
A
structure, function, connection, electrical activity
21
Q
refers to changes (increases or decreases) in the activation of brain regions in response to cognitive activity (working memory) or environmental events (spider scary). use PET OR FMRI
A
brain function
22
Q
tasks that evoke fear or anxiety produce more activation in relevant brain regions in people with high ____, however resting brain activity is not correlated only activation for tasks involving psyc processes
A
neuroticism
23
Q
de young proposed that a theoretical ____ exists for each of the big 5 traits, that specifies how each one can be broken into specific underlying mechanisms that are responsive to specific conditions and can be related to specific brain measures
A
bridge
24
Q
used to see if personality correlates with size of areas of the brain, instead of how active, mri can be used
A
brain structure
25
de young et al found that when using big 5 to generate predictions about which areas of the brain were responsible for behaviours or responses that were relevant to each, found that extraversion correlated w the amount of ___ ____ cortex, which processes reward info. neuroticism and extraversion and ___ surface area. conscientiousness correlated to having a thicker ____ across ___ regions
medial orbitofrontal, cortical, cortex, several
26
focus on imaging connections between specific brain regions and their associated behaviours/decisions (ie, brai region for emotion, another region for decisions, researchers can image how they connect and see activations)
connectivity measures relate to degree of interaction between __ or more regions
Brain connection, 2
27
some people may have more connection between ____ and emotion, wheat other these are less connected
reason
28
approach that focuses on functional connectivity between brain regions in neurological and emphasis is placed in individual differences in strength of connection between regions
brain connectivity approach
29
the background total spontaneous communication between brain regions, that have been related to the personality trait of ____, suggesting these people show more total connectivity on all regions compared to those low
openness
30
the trait ____ has been linked to more connectivity linking executive control setting, likely due to their reliability, setting goals and efficiency
conscientiousness
31
project mapping the human brain that is ongoing and seeks to decode the wiring diagram of the human brain and is formed from a consortium of 3 schools collaborating . began in 2010 and is making data accessible to all. big part is directed at understanding individual differences, know functions of connections, have a wiring diagram of brain
the human connectome project
32
study from human connective found that connectivity strength in brain correlated ______ with positive life outcomes (vocab, intelligence, education), compared to negative characteristics/life outcomes (anger, substance abuse)
more
33
measured by an eeg, measures the degree of electricity produced by brain which indicates brain activity or inactivity. can give useful info about patterns of activation in certain parts, which can be associated w med conditions or cognitive tasks. a popular technique is the ___ ___, where brain egg is measured but when participant is given a stimulus
brain electrical activity, evoked potential
34
other useful measures of physiology and biology proven useful (4):
biochemical analyses of blood and spit
- ANTIBODIES indicate immune functioning in spit which may be moderated by stress or emotions
- hormones like T and CORTISOL can be derived from spit
-MAO in blood that is known to help neurotransmitters, which may be implicated in sensation seeking
35
Name the physiological systems and corresponding psychological response systems typically assessed in personality research
ans - prepares body for fight/flight
blood pressure - may pump more when f/f, responsive to conditions, stress
heart rate - as it increases, body is prepping for f/f, tells us person is distressed
brain function - changes in brain (ie. fear, activation due to big 5)
brain structure - brain volume assoc w personality
brain connectivity - strength of connections implicate din emotion/desicions/big 5)
brain electric activity - measures activation in parts of brain in conditions
36
what physiolgical explanation has been offered for individual differences in introversion-extroversion?
introverts have higher levels of ascending reticular activating systa=em, which controls overall brain arousal and has been thought of as a gate for stimulation. If gate is somewhat closed, resting arousal level of the cortex would be lower, and if open, resting level would be higher (which is the case for introverts, who have higher levels of arousal). Introverts are above optimal arousal at baseline and get over aroused. studiesrseflect this physiological difference, and found that under moderate levels of stimulation, introverts perform have more faster responses, but nor in mild. therefore, differences are in arousability not brain function
37
Summarize grays reinforcement sensitivity theory
hypothesized two bio systems in brain, one for reward and one for punishment. people differ in sensitivity to reward and punishment, and impulsive people are very sensitive to reward, as they are more vulnurable to positive emotions and approaching stumuli, and this system was responsuible for i. Some people are more sensitive to punishment, frustration novelty and are vulnerable to unpleasant emotions, responsible for anxiety. impulsive people do not learn from punishment due to their inability to inhibit approach behaviour (ie, criminals, psychopaths, impulsive uni students). include the behavioural activation system (BAS) - responsive to incentives like reward cues and regulates approach, triggers approach. the offs is responsive to both conditioned and unconditioned aversive stimuli and mediates fear. the behaviour inhihibition (BIS) system is responsible for resolving goal conflict between bas and ffs, responsive to punishment cues, uncertainty, frustration and conflict in each system. motivates ceasing, inhibit/avoidant behaviour. Active bis produces anxiety, active bas - impulsivity. ffs and bis are associated w sensitivity to aversive stimuli and avoiding punishment. The greater the threat perceived, it is more likely the BIS will inhibit the BAS and allow the offs mediated behaviour (like do I leave the exam or no wait do I try)
38
what physio systems help explain individual differences in sensation seeking, morningness-eveningness and affective style?
differences in underlying biological rhythms that fluctuate. most fluctuate around a 24-25 hour cycle (circadian rhythm - regs temp, endocrine secretion). however some people can have extreme rhythms (16 hour to 50 hour. this was identified thru temporal isolation studies. peopls who are morning people have shorter rhythms (16 ie extreme), where they get sleepy earlier, hit peak body temp earlier, and etc. however people who are eveningness have longer cycles (50 hour extreme) where they can be more productive later.
39
in grays original model, it was the BIS that primarily was involved in sensitivity to punishment (BIS explaining individual differences in ______ as a function of differences in punishment sensitivity), but now the _____ motivates active and immediate forms of avoidance to respond to perceived threats or punishment, while the bis is instead seen when ____ is experienced over how to respond and evaluates the situation before acting in eliciting anxiety and rumination.
neuroticism, FFFS, conflict
40
according to gray, fear and anxiety emotions are similar (t/f)
f - because behaviours that remove one from a source of danger are mediated by the fffs, and the ones allowing cautious approach are bis, they are actually opposites
41
though gray said impulsivity (bas) and anxiety (bis) were framed as alternatives to eye nicks extraversion and neuroticism, the bis and bas is now understood more as being more ______ to these traits due to how they both create relevant emotions for each
equal
42
Many researchers believe that _____ are more reactive to cues of wanting/rewards and incentives, not liking, meaning that it is similar to the BAS in reward seeking behaviour
extraverts
43
the _____ is responsible for creating worry and rumination feelings leading to people to be seen on look out for signs of threats and danger, and has been associated w facets of neuroticism (anxiety, depression). too ___ of an activation in the BIS is seen with risk seeking (psuchopathy) while too ____ is associated with aversion, as seen in anxiety
BIS, little, much
44
the _____ system has been associated with traits of fear proneness and avoidance, as evidenced in clinical disorders like phobia and panic
fffs
45
both the ____ and ____ are associated w neurotics, (one mainly anxiety depression, other irritability, anger, fast changing mood and easily upset)
bis fffs
46
associated w extraversion and impulsivity - ____, associated w neuroticism or anxiety - ____
BAS, BIS
47
in a study where participants experienced punishment or reward for naming colours of words quickly, BAS scores ____ predict better performance when rewarded, working faster and getting more accurate when working for reward
did
48
people in sensory deprived environments are motivated to get ____ sensory input
any - even boring
49
a behavioural addiction characterized by repetitive behaviour persistent over time causing significant problems in life. diagnosis is made when 4/9 criteria are present for 12 months (preoccupation, need to do it w more Money, making repeated/unsuccessful efforts to stop, lying to hide it). often manifested similar to drug/alc addiction and co occurs w other addictions
gambling disorder
50
problem gambling at age 21 was associated w ____ and ____-____ at age 18, indicating that personality traits can put one at a higher risk for developing a problem here
impulsivity, risk taking
51
genetic studies have found that the risk for developing other addictions like alcohol may be explained by an ______ genetic risk factor which give rise to related traits to low behavioural control and may be responsible for comorbidities
overlapping
52
____ receptors on specific chromosomes have been associated with increased impulsivity, related to drug use and addiction, and in pathological gamblers, high mood related impulsivity has been associated w _____ in the availaibiloty of ____ receptors
dopamine, variance, dopamine
53
skin conductance appeared to ____ w magnitude of wins and losses, and appeared to be _____ during losses and near losses compared to wins, showing how loss aversion may be playing a role
increase, most
54
states that people are motivated to reach an optimal level of arousal, if underaroused, increase is good. if overaroused, increase is bad but decrease is rewarding.
hebbs theory of optimal arousal
55
hebbs theory was controversial because most researchers believed that tension ____ was the goal of all motives, but Hebb believes that we want to ____ tension and stimulation
reduction, seek
56
researchers who noted that some people were not as distressed compared to others by sensory deprivation. people who were distressed had a ____ need for sensation and were labelled as sensation seekers
zuckerman, high,
57
reflected in items that ask about desire for outdoor sports or activities involving elements of risk, such as flying, scuba diving, parachute jumping, motorcycle riding, and mountain climbing—for example, “I sometimes like to do things that are a little frightening” (high) versus “A sensible person avoids activities that are dangerous” (low).
thrill and adventure seeking aspect of zuckerman scale
58
reflected in items that refer to the seeking of new sensory or mental experiences through unconventional or nonconforming lifestyle choices—for example, “I like to have new and exciting experiences and sensations even if they are frightening, unconventional, or illegal” (high) versus “I am not interested in experience for its own sake” (low).
experience seeking in zuckerman scale
59
reflected in items indicating a preference for getting “out of control” or an interest in wild parties, gambling, and sexual variety—for example, “Almost everything enjoyable is illegal or immoral” (high) versus “The most enjoyable things are perfectly legal and moral” (low).
disinhibition of zuckerman scale
60
reflected in items that refer to a dislike for repetition, routine work, monotony, predictable and dull people, and a restlessness when things become unchanging—for example, “I get bored seeing the same old faces” (high) versus “I like the comfortable familiarity of everyday friends” (low).
boredom susceptibility of zuckerman scale
61
according to zuckerman questionnaire, low sensation seekers _____ able to tolerate sensory deprivation longer because they didn't necessarily need that input
were
62
high sensation seekers have a ____ need for high levels of stimulation in their lives (as illustrated by the example of officers who volunteer for riot duty)
high
63
zuckerman posits that ____ play a role in bringing on differences in sensation seeking, they are chemicals in nerve cells responsible for sending messages. notably, _____ , responsible for maintaining appropriate levels of these cells, has been found to be lower in high sensation seekers due to too many of these cells.
neurotransmitters, mão
64
With low ____ levels, sensation seekers have less inhibition in their nervous systems and therefore less control over behaviour, thoughts, and emotions. According to Zuckerman (1991a), sensation-seeking behaviours (e.g., illicit sex, drug use, wild parties) _____ because of seeking an optimal level of arousal, however they _____ because of having too little of the biochemical brakes in the synapse (too little Mao).
mao, arent, are
65
breaks down neurotransmitters once they are no longer needed
MAO
66
Neurotransmitter associated with reward system and feeling good. associated w drug abuse, which account for please associated with taking, but drugs deplete natural levels of this nt leaving them wanting more
dopamine
67
associated with a role in depression and anxiety. drugs are used to block reuptake of it leaving its synapse longer so people feel less sad.
serotonin
68
neurotransmitter associated w activating SNS for fight or flight.
norepinephrine
69
theory trying levels of three neurotransmitters to three personality traits. Novelty seeking is based on low levels of _____, as this behaviour makes up for low level here. Harm avoidance is based on abnormal metabolism of ____ (increased or decreased levels), however this is not simply linear as they can be raised in anxiety/stress that is acute. and reward dependence has been associated w _____, as people high here are persistent and continue ti act in ways that produce reward (working long)
dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine. clonigers tridimensional persnonality model
70
in clonigers model, very low levels of the principal serotonin metabolite ____ in cerebrospinal fluid are associated with risk of severe depression, but serotonin levels can also be elevated in states of anxiety or stress.
5-HIAA
71
in clonigers model, we must distinguish the role of ____, which is increased in states of acute stress, and the role of it and how it down regulates over life which is associated w ____ harm avoidance .
serotonin, less
72
people ___ in harm avoidance are considered optimistic, outgoing, energetic, while people ___ are cautious, shy, inhibited and expect bad things will happen to them so are on look out
low, high
73
jarvinen et al found evidence that the ____j dopamine receptor gene was associated with more sensation seeking and impulsivity
drd4
74
many theories have much in common because many interactions exist in personality:____ suggests that brain systems involved in learning through reward and punishment are important in determining these traits.____ also implicates the brain and nervous system. ____ focuses on the synapse and the neurochemicals found there. And ____ specifies particular neurotransmitters. All are perhaps describing the same behavioural traits but focusing on different levels of explanation within the body, ranging from the synapse to the brain
Gray , Eysenck , Zuckerman, Cloninger
75
researchers use ___ ____ to study circadian rhythms, where people volunteer to live in an environment completely controlled by the experimenter w respect to time cues (no windows, no regular meals, no access to tv or radio)
temporal isolation
76
on avergage, temperature follows a ___ to ___ hour cycle, with it beginning to rise before _____ and falling before ____. in temporal isolation, temperature in circuladian rhythms has been found to be as Shortt as ___ hours to as long as ____ hours.
24-25,wake,bed, 16, 50
77
people w ____ bio rhythms hit their peak body temperature and alertness levels earlier in the day and get sleepier early, people with ____ rhythms would have a harder time getting up early because their rhythms are longer.
shorter, longer
78
t/f - in a rommate study, it was found morningness eveningness didn't matter but other personality dimensions like achievement motivation and competitiveness are more related to incompatibility
f -morninngess eveningnness actaully matters more especially with respect to interpersonal and compatibility issues
79
what did monk and long study reveal about performance on cognitive tasks at different day time for morning and evening people
that morning people did better in morning and evening people Did better in evening
80
t/f - it is impossible to go against your brain circadian rhythm. is there a specific type that can adjust disruptions better?
f - peopled adjust even if its hard, it is possible (all nighters, jet leg). may be tolerated better by evening types compared to morning
81
wave given when person is relaxed, calm and sleepy is the ___ wave. when less of it is present, can assume part of brain is more active
alpha
82
studies suggest that the ____ hemisphere is more active when one is experiencing pleasant emotions, and the ______ is more when one experiences unpleasant emotions. illustrated by study when watching videos that were disgusting or amusing. this ____ been seen in infants when using tastes and isolation from moms, and this is stable across time periods
left, right, has
83
when watching films, people who were __ brain dominant responded more intensely and negative to fearful films, and people with more ___ activation felt more positive emotions watching fun films
right, left
84
monkeys and children with greater right side brain activation had ____ cortisol compared to those w left side activation
more
85
A study by Sutton and Davidson (1997) showed that dispositionally positive people (assessed by Carver and White’s [1994] BIS/BAS inventory) showed greater relative _____frontal EEG asymmetry at baseline, in the absence of emotional stimulation.
left
86
The person who displays a right-frontal-activation pattern may have a ____threshold for responding with negative emotions when an unpleasant event happens.For an individual who displays a left-frontal-activation pattern, the threshold for experiencing pleasant emotions in response to positive events is _____
lower, lower
87
the average brain has around ____ billion neurons. it is _____ energy expensive despite its smaller mass compared to body (consumes ____ of energy and is only ____ body weight)
100, very, 20,2
88
Nerves extend throughout brains. Excretes important hormones affecting parts of the body. Below thalamus which is important for arousal. Phyio correlate to personality
hypothalamus
89
Memory processes, it is important for emotional memories especially (ptsd - see in hippocampus of people who were exposed and have genetic ptsd, hippo processes tramatic memories over again
hippocampus
90
part of brain that is crumbled, most distinctive
More wrinkled than brain in most other mammals
Hypothesize that humans have more folds that we develop human abilities (consciousness, personality, metacognition, etc)
neocortex/cortex
91
brain is made up of ___ that gather information in biochem messages and transmit it via electrical/chemical signialing (like gates/wires in computer). the ____ communicate with other neurons, happens via synapse (space) with an axon
- Continuos flow of electric chemical messages, once communication happens electrical occurs. communication is possible thanks to ___, chemicals found in the brain responsible for neuronal communication whose purpose is to relay signals between neurons to inform heart to beat, temp to regulate, etc.
neurons, dendrites, neurotransmitters
92
80-85% of americans have depleted neurotransmitter levels. biggest factor is ___, and there are 6 others:
stress (1), genetic predisposition, inflammatory foods, neurotoxins in environment, alcohol, caffeine , drugs
93
in EDA, some people show it in absence of external stimuli - this is associated with ____ and _____
anxiety, neuroticism
94
cardio measure to mesure stress reactivity
bp
95
increases w anxiety, fear, arousal, cog effort
heart rate
96
oldest technique to measure brain. focuses on electrical acitivty. gives an area of when the brain is active but doesnt tell us where
eeg
97
○ New ish
○ Expensive to conduct, hospitals have them so rare in research to have one
○ Used to spot brain activity w/o injected substance
○ Scanner monitors magnetic pulses generated by metabolically active part of brain by detecting o2 and blood glucose levels
○ Measures and stat techniques used to take measurements and define findings
○ Same idea as pet - harder brain works the more oxygen brain consumed
○ Used specifically looking at causes of brain and mental health disorders - identifies areas of brain involved in pain and anxiety (ie,)
○ Some studies look at different activation areas of brain as a result of evoked potential technique (stimuli given look at what parts of brain are active)
fmri
98
○ Person is given a tracer substance, used by brain cells when activated/communicating
○ As brain cells get more active, rate of metabolising the substance increases
○ Because the harder the brain works, more substance is used, can see where the substance is used because we have ways to examine what are the concentrations of substances in brain
○ Gives us activity in scanner and shares what parts are more active via the tracer
○ Ie. highly aggressive people with issues moderating aggression exhibit less brain activity in frontal lobe where rational thinking is exhibited
§ Anger that is not regulated is processed differently
§ In aggressive people, less activity in brain needs to be working to regulate brain. And frontal lobe is not working as well in these peoplemore likely to get in fights over reason and comprimise
pet scan
99
hormones can be tested via blood and saliva, despite it being less used. ____ in all humans (m and f ) in different concentrations, avg 300-1000 nanograms per decoleter in avg male compared to female who has 30, Linked to competition, risk taking, aggression, People w high levels show history of abusing substances, assault, etc, Has been explored w respect to behavioural correlates. _____ is stress hormone, part of f/f, Especially in parts of body that prep body to act, metabolize fat, increase heart rate, stimulate muscle growth, Severe stress and depression deplete it ,Too much - too much is stimulated by too much stress and sad, but also when we look at low levels of it (people becoming impassive and seek law breaking behavior - correlate of low). ____ is associated w love/cuddle, trustworthiness/morality, Important for bonding between mom and baby, present when people in love, present in sexual response, Circulates in blood stream, linked to estrogen and stages of reproduction in women, Increases In sex, peaks after o for women, Increases after childbirth and while breastfeeding, fostering bond in surviival of child, Increases approach behaviour in women - reaching out to others, forming bonds, cooperation,
○ Trustworthiness
○ Linked to morality
Manipulating it to keep people cooperative is in research
testosterone, cortisol, oxytocin
100
this physiologically based theory by eysenick posed personality had biological substraites
3 traits proposed (pen)
Questionnaire measures
High e= hate routine, don’t tolerate boredom
Low e = see slide
Introverts/extroverts manifest different levels of cortical arousal
- If measuring activation of c arousal in extroverts and in low extroeversion, would see that theyrespond differently to levels of activation
- Moderate level of actiavtion differences
- Introvers and extroverts are not at different resting levels of activation via brain activity, but more reactive to moderate levels
○ Extraverts - when given a moderately difficult task, would see more cortical activation compared to introverts being given same task
○ When given choice, extraverts would prefer higher levels of activation
Ie. preferring to study in loud environments, wheras introverts would be overstimuated
extraversion - introversion
101
this physiologically based theory by gray proposed that two brian systems were hypothesized - the BIS and the BAS. Chemical (dopamine) exists and dopamine and nucleus accumbency striucture in brain form GO system that activates behaviour
System is responsive to rewards or cues, clues of reward, promotes approach behaviour (motivation to engage in world)
this Works in opposition to bis system
○ When bis is activated, behaviour is inhibited
○ When criticised or scolded, bis is activated
- Approach/avoidance behaviour (bas/bis)
- Latest revision proposed bas is much closer to extraversion than previous, and bis to neuroticism (being afraid, inhibited, avoidant, frustrated, nervous of punishment)
Link betweenhim and eysenick - bas = extraversion, bis = neuroticism
People scoring high in bas are more reward dependent, take more risks, more impulsive
People scoring high in bis experience more negative pathology (depression, more anxious)
Sensitivity to reward/punishment
102
People scoring high in ____ are more reward dependent, take more risks, more impulsive
People scoring high in ___ experience more negative pathology (depression, more anxious)
BAS, BIS
103
high sensation seekers have ___ levels of MAO, which produces a need for stimulation to reach optimal arousal (hebb)
low
104
_____ is an nt associated with reward/pleasure. - Synthetic forms, addictive (like cocaine, methanthetamine - comprimises brain ability to synthesize it, over time damages vessicles where dopamine is made).Why drug addicts have a hard time withdrawing because brain suffers from low levels of it when drug is stopped, which cannot be repleated fast enouugh. Connected w reward system,provides feelings of enjoyment, reinforcement for person to do smth). Include food, sex, drugs, = lead to spikes in it in brain (rewards). Some studies look at levels changing as a result of aggression. People who are highly aggressive and channel it outwardly, its levels are impacted (immediate display feels good, then deal w consequences).
____ is involved in mood disorders. regulates appetite (much of it is found in the gut). - Suppresses aggressive behav. Regulates temp of body and frontal brain activity, inhibits responses, very important (stopping from doing something attractive but dangerous). Predators have it down - will wait until proper time to attack prey, not too early
○ Low levels = trouble
- Criminals and arsonists have chronically low levels of it in brain
___ is associated w f/f response. Activated w sympathetic ns
- Role in regulating heart rate
- Regulkates response of heart (beat fast when anxious or excited)
- Increase of it from sympathetic ns prompts heart to beat/rate of contractions
- As stress hormone, it impacts amygdala, where attention is regulated and other responses are reg as one interacts w environment
- Directly increases heart rate, triggers glucose, increases blood flow to musculoskeletal muscles (more likely to flee or fight threat)
dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine
105
this due proposed a comprehensive personality model based on these 3 nts
(the monoamids - d,s,n)
Proposed 3 personality traits are linked to levels of these 3
- ___ = novelty seeking
- ___ = harm avoidance
- Low ___ = reward dependence
Novelty seeking - new experience sought due to low first hormone, take risk, create thrills
Harm avoidance - connected to abnormal metabolism of second nt listed
- People scoring high are cautioous, shy,
inhibited
- Low levels of third hormone - person tends to be more persistent, organized, more effort to get rewards (don’t give up)
clonigers model, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine.
106
in__ ____, there is a dominant hemisphere that favours activation over another. more dispositionally positive people show more frontal eeg in _______ and more pleasent emotions , while pessimistic people show more _____ frontal activity and more active in unpleasent emotions
brain asymmetry, left, right
