Chapter 16 Flashcards
basic questions from chapter 16 (3)
how does gender (genetics, physio, social expectations) make us who we are?
are men and women consistent in behaving differently?
along with biological differences, are there psyc differences between the sexes and how can we understand them?
study of sex differences provokes ____ interest- what makes us different to other groups(men and women). ____ surrounds the question of how are men and women different
intrinsic, curiosity
why is there so much controversy surrounding sex differences of men and women
political = can have political implications
social = social implications
we must understand what they mean - what would be a large medium or small difference and how can we use them to discuss sex differences and personality
avergae differences in personality or behaviour between men and women in personality, behaviour according to biollogy (without interpreting the cause)
sex differences
social interprettion of what it means to be a man or women, changes w time, because of this the roles assigned to gender change over time
gender
beliefs that we hold about how men and women differ which are not necessarily real. shortcut created to make fast decisions, taken to make fast innefficient assumptions fo people. Not necessarily based on fact.
gender stereotypes
t/f - if you know your group is stereotyped to perform bad, you trying to suppress that belief adds to cogniitive performance and you perform much better
f - it takes cog resources form task youre supposed to be evaluated in so you perform worse and even worse you confirm the stereotype (ie. women do worse at math)
there are my ways we ____ men and women differ (ie. men dont have emotion but women do). only that because when we look at emotions between 2 sexes, we see that both have a wide array of _____, because ___ have been enforced by society to not show emotions. Emotion has been shown to be a sign of ___, but it is human to have them. emotions provide important info and when suppressed we suppress. emotions are also branded as____. many beliefs but most are culture based, here women and men are believed to differ
believe. emotions. men.weak. intuition
there is controversy surrounding the notion of ___ sex differences. first, researchers argue that sex differences reflect ___ differences; what we see is what we think are men or women roles, not sex differences. these differences are reflective if the biases of researchers, not ____. thus, people advocate _____ researching gender differences for this reason that it is not objective but reinforce stereotypes
other researchers say we need to research what we see as sex differences: after we see a difference we must follow up questions and ask what ____ are that are contributing to an expliocit difference. Without sci exploraion, we wouldnt have much progress in sci psyc. scientific psyc and social change will be _____ without coming to term w real sex differences, so we must look for them and see if they come from bio sex or reflect stereotypes/norms
actual. gender. objective. against. factors. impossible
before ____, little attention was paid to sex differences. early research used males and generalized findings to all (ew). Maccoby and Jacklyn published research behind sex differences, concluded sex differences based on existing studies that sometimes had men and women. found women are ____ at verbal ability, while men are ____ at spatial ability. for personality, men tend to be ____ aggressive compared to women.(spurred studies on sex diff). made people think about actual differences vs stereotypes/norms/expectations. encouraged not only to look at p, but also at ____ size. we look at how great sex differences are now in meta analysis. encouraged researchers to develop more precise quantitative measures for examining conclusions
1973, better, better, more, effect
used to express the avergae difference in sd units. can be calculated for each study of sex differences, then averaged across studies to give an objective assessment of the difference. helps us average out/have an idea of how great differences are.
effect size
more precise quant procedures for examining consclusions across studies and thus for determninng sex differences. how we make sense of many studies w slightly different methodologies. a study of other studies, can be tedious to do. start w general search on topic, then select articles w method merits, then look at how they reported results and if means and sd’s were reported along with stats used, combine w process. goal is to compute an effect size (d).
meta analysis
positive d means ____, while negative d means ______. even the large effect size for average sex differences does not necissarily have implications for any one person.
men higher than women, women higher than men
if the 2 distributions for men and women are close (same mmm), means that a___ ___ ___ is present. if distributions are far and barely touching, means that a ___ ____ ___ is present
small effect size, large/considerable effect size
for throwing ability, the efefct size would be ____ because men are often larger and have more muslces, indicating a far distribution. there will always be a certain percentage who can throw as fast/far as 50% of men (shaded area of over lap), we need to keep this in mind when interpreting.
big
describe sex differences as small and inconsequential.because most effect sizes are small, differences that do exist dont have practical importance.
minimalists
we should not trivialzie sex differences we see. like personality, other areas of psyc have found small but sig effect sizes in areas of studies. if we discard small differences we are losing important info, can be consequential
maximalists
sex differences in personality across cultures ((costa, 2005): ____ score higher in extraversion, only a small difference(d of -.15). _____ score higher in assertiveness, facet of aggressiveness, extraversion and dominance, and the difference was moderate (d of .5). ____ score higher in trusting (facet of agreeableness, cooperation, view people as good),difference was small (d of -.25). ____ smile more (facet of agreeableness) , and the difference is moderate (d = -.60). therefore ___ tend to be more agreeable, however arguments that it is submissive, but these findings are across studies and depend on how we define the concept. _____ score same on openness!
women, men, women, women, women, both
1930s - researchers assumed sex difference on personality items were attributable to differences along the single personality dimension of ____ -_____.
____ was conceptualized as nurturing, empathy, emotional, while ____ was considered assertive, dominant and instrumental.
1970s - _____ was pursued when researchers challenged the notion of gender, 2 new measures believed to be independent:
______ - someone scoring high on fem and mass traits
believed to be ideal because you had best qualities of both dimensions. free from shackles of trad gender roles. if identifying with both = you weren’t captive by social standards (stereotypes)
recent studies suggest that mass/fem are not ___ and likely describe a single bipolar trait. questioning this notion because previous measures were investigating ______ - tendency to work with objects and be self sufficient, and ____ - emotional intelligence facet, how easy it is to nurture, connect, show emortions, etc.
mass-fem. high fem, high mass. angrogeny, androgynous. independent. instrumentality, expressiveness
Theories of sex differences (4)
socialization/roles theory, hormonal theory, evolution, integrated perspective
theory of sex differences positing that boys and girls become different because boys and girls are reinforced by grown ups and media differently (dolls and inside vs trucks and dirty). boys are encouraged to not express emo while girls are comforted. most widely held theory.
___ social learning theory - boys and girls learn by observing behaviours of same sex others (parent of same sex), cross cultural evidence for differential treatment of boys and girls, criticized for being too simple in suggesting pathway is only one direction (parent-child), lacks origin.
___ ___ theory posits that sex differences arise because men and women are ditributed differently into occupational and family roles. girls = nurture because its expected, boys = socialized to pursue a career = provider. some research supports, no origins of these roles tho
socialization theory, bandura’s, social role
theories posit that men and women differ because of underlying hormonal differences
links between test and sex differences in behaviour. evidence that these may emerge in utero as babies develop hormones. women with ____ testosterone are more likely to pursue more boy careers while in men, ____ testosterone is associated w more need for dominance and aggression. therefore associated with roles
criticisms = research suggests link between hormones and behaviour is bidirectional, no account of origins of hormone differences.
hormonal theories, high,. high
sex difference theory that posits that sexes are predicted to differ only in those domains in which people are recurrently faced with adaptive problems (must be solved to reproduce and survive). examined in the context of mating and offspring. women have a big survival cost to reproduce so have different adaptive problems that need to be solved. because of this differential investment, men and women adapt different strategies - women primed to select ___ males, males are primed to _____.no clear account of individual or within group differences.
evolutionary psychology theory, resourceful, procreate/sex
comprehensive theory of sex differences tying in evolutionary, hormonal and social theories together because they are complex. we cant ignore strengths and weaknesses of each, none tell whole story. some are quite different from eachotehr but they may be compatible in different ways. when combining that would address limitations, would be closer to grand theory of sex differences that would make compatible the strengths of each.
integrated perspective
