Chapter 18 Flashcards
big question in the adjustment domain
how does my personality help/hinder health?
when we discuss ___, were referring to the gap between the world, a challenge and our perception of it
its not ___, but perceived as such, but we have control over external events that could be taxing our lives. way more ___ over health, coping than we think because it is how we interpret the external world/events that determine how stress is experienced, personality plays a huge role. patterns in stress experience/health -> different health outcomes. given rise to ____ psychology - study between mind and body, individual differences and how people respond to environment
stress, controlinternal, health
why is it important that we look at modifiable risk factors contributing to illness (behaviour, choices, decisions, how are they related to personality). ____% of healthcare costs associated to physical ____, leading to 2.1 billion dollars. economic cost of health activity that is bad is high. they are all modifiable.
2.5, inactivity
models of personality-illness connection (5) considered causal. research examining personality affects on health are based on these
interactional model
transactional model
health behaviour model
illness behaviour model
predisposition model
early model of health and illness and personality = personality is proposed to moderate/influence relationship between stress and illness. stress -> coping responses, impacted by personality (neuroticism, emo stability, conscientiousness) _> physio arousal will either impair or protect us->illness? ie you have type a personality and get a b, depending on personality you may respond by studying more for next one and go in overdrive (sleep less, no exercise, no eating right) and as a result you will increase vulnerability. perceive low grade as an _____ to learn from it, you ____ compromise lifestyle and not get sick
interactional model, opportunity, won’t
further developed based on interaction model, this one says in addition to personality influencing coping. 2 other steps exist:personality can influence how you ___ events, and influence ___ themselves. people dont just respond to situations, they create situations via choices and actions. ie. not studying = stress = bad health. b on test and if you appraise as end of world you will impact coping strategies, however if you see it as not bad its not gonna greatly impact health. situation you put self in and if balanced you won’t sacrifice health and life in pursuit of a goal. not only personality that influenced;uences if you get sick, its situations you put self in and how you appraise event.
transactional model, appraise, events
personality does not directly influence the relationship between stress and illness, but instead affects health indirectly via health promoting or degrading behaviours. personality does not directly have an effect in the relationship, but affects indirectly thru promoting or degrading behaviour. ie. if you get good sleep and promote health via behaviour you will be in a better place to deal with stress. if you dont, more prone to illness. coping, health behaviour, appraisal are built upon
health behaviour model
associations may exist between personality and illness because of a third variable underlying them causing them both. association found between illness and personality because some predisposition underlying both. ie. smoking weed can give rise to schizo if prone and gave genes. overreactive sympathetic NS - creates susceptibility to illness and affects behaviour and choices. predisposition. - physio responsiveness - illness and personality (occur due to reponiveness in physiology.
illness predisposition
model of illness behaviour, what do you do when you are ill? personality influences the degree to which a person perceives and attends to bodily sensations, interprets and labels sensations as illness and illness behaviours (do you trudge through anyway, or do you think something is wrong and pay attention to it).
illness behaviour/health behaviour model
common theme in the health models is _____. a subjective feeling in response to events that are seen as uncontrollable or threatening. all animals have a response, which can be life saving in some instances, so maybe adaptive sometimes. can also be ___.it is part of everyday life for everyone. lies in how we interpret and respond to events, so it lies ____ ____ the event and the person (ie. scared of presentation vs someone who is chill with it).
stress, maladaptive, in between
can be positive or negative events that lead to stress and have common qualities
1.state of overload/overwhelm
2. have opposing tendencies on us, like wanting and not wanting some activity or object
3. perceived as uncontrollable
stressors
involves a startle, heart beats fast, bp increase, sweaty palms, soles of feet, more sns activity, hormones flushed, immune system sucks,f/f, breathing fast at top part of lungs
stress response (me)
selye established 3 stages of stress in ______: alarm (f/f response) is stage 1, resistance (depletion of bodily resources) is state 2, exhaustion (susceptibility to illness and disease) stage 3 where you will fall sick due to depletion of bodily resources to protect you from illness
General Adaptation System (GAS)
if stressor is constant, more sucesbitle to illness because physio resources are depleted
exhaustion
4 types of stress
stress is ____ and accumulates in a person over time
acute - short lived (short startle - boo), can be experienced as tension headache, emotional, not well equipped for pressure
episodic acute - more serious because repeated episodes of acute stress (students), also experience in addition to headaches, susceptible to tummy troubles, illness, depression and anxiety
traumatic stress - may be experienced first as big acute stress, but long term effects hinder functioning and can manifest after exposure to trauma(can lead to for some ptsd), being in accident, witnessing death, assault, nat disaster.
chronic stress - as a result of days in day out hassles you’ve accepted as part of life (stressful job/hating boss, significant consistent financial issues). cumulative and overtime it taxes ability to fight illness (prone to disease)
additive
according to Lazarus (1991), for stress to be evoked two cog events must happen _____ appraisal where a person perceives event as a threat to goals, and ___ appraisal where a person concludes they do not have resources to cope with the demands off a threatening event.
primary, secondary
person focuses on the good in what is happening, seek opportunity for growth
- you see something stressful and not only focus on negativity, focus what opportunity could be
positive reappraisals
positive emotions and appraisals can lower impact of stress, and 3 coping mechanisms are associated
positive reappraisal
problem focused coping
creating positive events
thoughts and behaviours that manage or solve an underlying cause of stress (opposite of avoidance). focus on and attack problem
problem focused coping
create positive time out from stress and use humour . self care, socialization
create positive events
____ is linked to a lot of positive health outcomes especially those in high stress. attributional style - expect that good events will be plentiful and bad things will be rare. findings are correlational for predicting health. psychologists have tried to devise ways to increase it
optimism
behaviour style that consist of achievement motivation, time urgency, hostility and aggression when blocked from goal. go into fast paced, competitive careers where time pressure occurs. attempt to do everything fast, hard time slowing down. more prone to cardiovascular disease Independent risk, surveys were less likely to find relationship than structured interviews which had most lethal component - _____.
type a behaviour patterns, hostility
behaviour style characterized by unhurriedness and relaxedness, dont sacrifice everything to achieve goals
type b
5 ways to move to type b personality
slow down, let time for pacing.
practice doing one thing at atime
active listening
remove your watch
meditation or relaxation exercises
