Chapter 10 Flashcards
a contemporary psychoanalyst who argues that contemporary psychoanalysis is based on 5 postulates
- the unconscious plays a big role in life, but not to the big infl freud held it to
- behaviour reflects comprimises in conflict between mental processes
- childhood plays an important role in personality dev, specifically in shaping adult relationship styles
- Mental representations of self and others guide intercations w others
- Personality dev not only involves regulating sexual and aggressive feelings, but also moving from an immature socially dependent way of relating to others to a mature independent relationshp style
drew western
memory researcher who discussed the concept of repression in memory.
we should not conclude that all recovered memories are false, just because some are apparently false
Should not assume that all recovered memories are true, just
because some are true
Must be aware of processes that contribute to the construction of
false memories
e.g., popular press, behaviour of some therapists
elizabeth loftus
Mental elements are stored in memory along with
associations to other elements in memory. ie. Writing lists of word from memory tells us related items are stored in memory based on how they are associated among themselves and with other elements in memory.
spreading activation model of memory
Most modern cognitive psychologists believe that false
memories ____ occur effortlessly. Humans have a ____ memory (i.e., memory influences in various ways what is recalled, how we create stories about us and ourselves). Research on mistakes of recognition on word lists help us understand dramatic false memories (of, e.g.,childhood abuse). Many aspects of memory should be thought of as being part of cog unconscious, menaing not everything brought out of memory is or but has been repressed, could be reproduced
Other methods explaining false memory aside from relying on motivated unconscous.
can, constructive
____ ____ have connections in web with every other one - if one of these words is activated, more likely to remember other one even if it wasn’t said (ie. white - dove - tuxedo)
critical lures
Research on subliminal perception
indicates that ____
information does not influence
people’s motivations. we ____ as suceptible to subliminal perception as previously believed. but existing motivation can be ______ by subliminal perception.
unconscious, arent, strengthened
___ ___ is that we are exposed to info w/o consciously knowing we are being exposed, while ____ is relevant information we have to be exposed to in order to bring unconscious information into conscious awareness
subliminal perception, priming
_____ emphasized ego as a powerful and independent part of personality
Establishing secure identity (sense of self)
Is a primary function of ego
Difficulty establishing an identity produces identity crisis
argued that personality development occurs throughout
life
Challenges at each stage were social rather than sexual. why they were psychosocial theroeis of development
each had stages fixed on social conflict
erikson
Infant is dependent on adult, if needs not met develop
mistrust vs trust, infancy
personal responsibility takes mind of infant as they learn self sufficient tasks, supportive parenting helps child be autonomous
shame vs autonomy, toddler
Young childhood builds initiative - break parents rules, those that promote independence and initiative help children overcome crisis
guild vs initiative, young childhood
facing broader social world,
elementary inferiority vs industry, elem
more important decisions made, rebell against authority
Adolescence identity fomation vs role confusion
make big life choices, decide if they value this or no (early adulthood)
isolation vs intimacy
concern w leaving of legacy
stagnation vs generativity, adulthood
do you have sense of pride in life you lead?
elderly, despair vs integrity
Unlike other theorists, viewed neurosis as type of coping mechanism and large part of life
Adult behaviours based on overcoming anxiety we get as children to overcome worrying about loneliness in navigating world
- Attempts to avoid anxiety can create unrealistic neurotic needs
○ Love neurosis - needing partner to solve problems, gaining more money, strive to be accepted by all
- Rejected penis envy- demeaning and inaccurate
○ Instead proposed concept of womb envy (men feel bad they cant create children)
- Emphasized idea of culture, shared standards for many behaviours hokdig people accountable and shaming them (especially women)
○ Shame for society for having different standards for men and women
Credited with being first self help author due to encouraging self analysis and self help
revised theory of penis envy - it is social power over an organ desired by women.
gave more feminist perceptive on personality development
karen horney
Psychodynamic approaches - healthy person develops healthy esteem through going through stages of development
- As we learn new things and gain rewards, creates healthy se level
- Also we have biases
○ ___ ____ bias - reflects tendency to shy responsibility for failiures and over emphasize responsibility in taking credit for successes
○ ____ - overinflated tendency to do that, tendency to feel entitles, have extreme focus on themselves and expect other to do so. grandiosity is here (feel like one is more special and deserving). will strive for superiority by belittling and bullying others.
○ ____ ____ - theyre insecure and have fragile self esteem, emphasizng focus on self neo freudians reveal overemphasis on self manifests in real sense of worth. appear high in self esteem and self worth despite being narcissists, despite doubts about their doubt in themselves. qualities led to need to make others unhappy
self serving
narcisssm
narcissisic paradox
Emphasizes social relationships and their origins in childhood. assumes 3 things:
Internal wishes, desires, urges of child not as important as
- developing relationships with significant others, especially
parents
- Others, particularly the mother, become internalized by the child
in the form of mental objects
- First social attachments that infant develops form prototypes for
all future meaningful relationships
Most important part of life, primary source of pleasure and pain is relationships we form w significant other people (parents)
We can only relate to other people via images we have in mind of people
Objects are emotionally significant persons
First social attachment
Anxiety is mismatched between internal ideal object of a person who is emotionally significant and the real picture of people in life
object relations theory
5 basic assumptions or ideas of freud that are supported by contemporary psychoanalysts
The unconscious still plays a large role in life, although it may not be the ubiquitous influence that Freud held it was.
Behaviour often reflects compromises in conflicts among mental processes, such as emotions, motivations, and thoughts (Westen & Gabbard, 2002a).
Childhood plays an important part in personality development, particularly in terms of shaping adult relationship styles.
Mental representations of the self and relationships guide our interactions with others (Westen & Gabbard, 2002b).
Personality development involves not just regulating sexual and aggressive feelings but also moving from an immature, socially dependent way of relating to others to a mature, independent relationship style.
In laboratory studies, Loftus and colleagues have shown that having individuals imagine various events can lead them to later rate those events as more familiar, leading subjects to have a more elaborate memory representation, which in turn leads them to rate those imagined events as likely to have happened (Thomas, Bulevich, & Loftus, 2003). This effect is called the ___ ___ ___, and it occurs when a memory is elaborated upon through imagination, leading the person to confuse the imagined event with events that actually happened. For example, by showing people an advertisement suggesting that they shook hands with Mickey Mouse as a child, those people later had higher confidence that they had personally shaken hands with Mickey as a child
imagination inflation effect
Many therapists believe that effective treatment must result in a patient’s overcoming repressed memories and reclaiming a traumatic past. They believe that the road to wellness requires bringing traumatic memories into consciousness and having the patient acknowledge and overcome them or at least deal with them in a mature, adult fashion. Therapists, like many other people, can also suffer from a ___ ____—the tendency to look only for evidence that confirms their previous hunch and to not look for evidence that might disconfirm their belief. If a therapist believes that childhood trauma is the cause of most adult problems, they will most likely probe for memories of childhood trauma.
confirmatory bias
Those with the ____ unconscious view readily acknowledge that information can get into our memories without our ever being aware of the information (Kihlstrom, 1999). For example, in the phenomenon of subliminal perception, some information—such as the phrase “Buy a Coke”—is flashed on a screen so quickly that you don’t recognize the actual words. However, if you were asked to judge whether a string of letters is a word or not a word, and the dependent variable were reaction time (how quickly you can make this judgment), then you would judge Coke as a word faster than words unrelated to Coke or soft drinks in general. Thus, subliminal information primes associated material in memory. ____ makes that associated material more accessible to conscious awareness than is material that is not primed. the _____ unconscious is an idea that information that is unconscious (e.g., a repressed wish) can actually motivate or influence subsequent behaviour, however less agreemont on if info that is unconscious can influence actual behaviour
cognitive, priming, motivated
Erikson noted that the ego was involved in mastering the environment, achieving one’s goals, and hence establishing one’s identity. It is no wonder, then, that the approach to psychoanalysis started by Erikson is called ____ psychology. establishing a secure ____ is the primary function of the ego here, and is an important developmental achievement in personality
ego, identity
