Chapter 11 Flashcards
list the 3 kinds of motivation
desire to achieve
desire for intimacy
desire for power
internal state that arouses and directs behaviour toward a specific goal or object. usually caused by a deficit, lack of something or something off balance. Based on needs. - state of tension in people. as need is satistfied, tension is reduced. propels people to perceive, think and act in ways that satisfy a need
motive
relation between needs and motives
thiking/fantsasy about
deficit -> need -> motive either
behaviours intended
to satify need
why are motives part of the intrapsychic domain (3)
motivational psychologists stress the importance of internal psychological needs and urges
some can be unconscious
reliance on projective techniques to measure motives (indirect ways) due to unconscious examples
according to henry murray, ___ refers to a readiness to respond in a certain wauy under certain circumstances. they organize perception, guiding us to “_____” what we want/need to see. they organize action by compelling a person to do what is ____ to survive. ie, someone is high in need of socializing, ___ likely to reply yes to invitation or seek opportunity to engage w people to satisfy. needs also refer to a state of ____, and satisfying a need reduces it. its the _____ of reducing it that is satisfying, not a tensionless state per se (ie. slowly feeling less hungry) . list of 3 fundamental human needs and each has own hierarchy: _____, ______ ,_____. He also contributed to how elements in the environment affect needs - _____ = neeed relevant characteristics of the environment, different ways environment is perceived. ___ ___ = objective reality that can be captured in photograph, __ ___ has to do with reality of person, and this is perceived differently based on peoples needs, intentions and goals. some level of objective features of reality is needed so we can act on it to engage in actions (seeing tree, but some reps money, food, or appreciating nature)
need, see, necessary, more, tension, process, action tendencies, emotions, desire/intention, press, alpha press, beta press
interpreting environment and perceiving meaning of what is going on. needs and motives influence it especially in ambiguous environments. the _____ can help us get here in environment, where ambig pictures depict a scenario (b/w usually) are presented for interpretation, and assumption is person is more likely to project own needs on interpretation and would be a better representation of your motivations than just asking what motivates you.
apperception, TAT (thematic apperception approach)
proposed to account for the paradox of rewards not working all the time for satisfying needs, not all needs work within framework of reward. Rewarding people for perforoming behaviour doesnt result in an increase in behaviour, upon further consideration, this theory that humans have more complex needs (___ ___ ___in addition to the biological needs. basic premise is that humans are naturally active and seek opportunities to explore, learn, create and grow. when doing these things we fulfill needs for competence, autonomy(indeppendence not relying on self) and relatedness (social connections). when we engage in behaviour satifsying the 3 needs, _____ motivation occurs which arises when we engage with tasks we find enjoyable and interesting, most often created when engaging in hobbies and spending time w those we love. ____ motivation arises when we do things to avoid something or get the better reward. behaviour ____ be the same even tho motivation is different (volunteering, helping professions).
self determination theory - inherent growth tendencies). intrinsic. extrinsic. can
study where one has to affix a candle on wall so wax doesnt drip. first condition is told to take time and be creative (control), second is told they will get money if they do it fast, but if fastest you will get lots of money(experimental). here, the group who was encouraged to create and take time was ____, compared to the money group. this was because the task required ______ and external rewards ____ motivation to perform a task that was intended to elicit intrinsic motivation. this ____ happen with all tasks. in a different layout, box was viewed as a seperate part of thumbtacks making tasks easier. in this one, the ____ group was much faster because it ____ take creativity to put things together. shows that incentives ___ always effective, intrinsic motivations are ____ effective in maintaining behaviour, not depending on other things. this is the _____ ____ effect (ie. custom art feels more annoying to create)
faster, creativity, decrease, doesnt, money receiving , didnt, not, more, over justification
desire to do better, be successul and feel competent. goal setting. people who have high need prefer activities that offer moderate challenge, enjoy tasks where they are personally responsible for outcome, prefer tasks where feedback is available for their performance, so they know how to fulfil requirements to succeed. examples include students applying to grad schools, pursuing jobs that are regimented and allow for improvement, hate group projects, doing jobs that prefer feedback.
need for achievement (nach)
group differences in high achiever men and women ____ been established.early childhood experiences with nach are ____ for men and women: for ___, high echievement is associated w a stressful and hard early childhood, with more critical competitive mothers. the mothers of this sex are also less affectionate and nurturing. with ____, high achievement comes from supportive caring environments, intact families. mclelland believed parental practices can promote high achievement among both sexes: ______ training : if parents make/facilitate creation of opportunities where children are creating, feel personally responsible for outcome, and improve, children experience satisfaction that is likely to continue. found to be correlated w sense of confidence and mastery, so great thing to introduce to children - give tasks they can accomplish and feel proud. another thing that has been helpful is parents to set realistic_____ and keep children within these realistic boundaries they can work for while recognizing failiure is part of learning and effort is important compared to ability, celebrate successes.
have, different, women, men, independence, standards/boundaries
assumed to energize and direct behaviour when one is in situations that facilitate demonstrating it (ie. taking leadership role in grouop prpject, planning, organizing). measured bby thematic apperception test (TAT), scored specifically for themes for power (how likely to take personal responsibility in leading, how often do they list status as important). men and women score ______. people w high need for it tend to ____ respond well with frustration and conflict (____ rattled).manifestation _____ show sex differences, and men score _____ than women in need for power when performinga ggressibe and impulsive behaviour, but to moderate can engage in ______ training: less likely to be impulsive if they have to ____ for something else, strongly related to ____ socialization especially for young boys
need for power (npow), equally, not, easily, does, higher, responsibility, care, positive
represents universal need to connect with others, tap into relatedness of inherent growth tendency. describes preference/readiness for forming meaningful close relationships, close bonds, communicating. people w ____ need spend more time in a day thinking about socializing with others, get more from socializing (experience positive emotions, openness), good at small talk, more likely to have a few close friends. ____ tend to score higher on this need. need is so strong that _____ ___ shows have captured it, representing interest in human relationships
need for intimacy (nint), women, reality tv
came from humanistic approach where main emphasis is conscious awareness for being responsible for ones fate. it captures idea that after self reflection, relating to others, gaining ompetency over life, have free will, can love others, then we will eventually come close to feeling this (being all you can be - full potential reached). tradition says that human nature is _____, life affiriming, based on growth and freedom, unlike psychoanalytic. maslow and rogers contirbuted lots
the motivation to self actualize, positive
ideas were a radical shift in psychology as previously there was a focus on fixing whats broken, his ideas led way for movement toward positive psychology, sci explorations of strengths of people allowing us to thrive. proposed that human needs are ____, _____ needs are the most pressing and must be satisfied before we can move to higher needs. need hierarchy emerges during ____, with lower needs emerging earlier. ie. kids want to address immediate needs like eating, pooping, sleeping and drinking
maslow hierarchy of needs, linear, lower(bio), development
the order of maslows period of needs from bottom to top
physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self actualization
accoridng to maslow, there are certain traits associated w ____ ____, who make up 1% of the population. may have contributed lots to science and or human progress, but you dont need to be famous. people like obama, oprah, etc.15 characteristics define them
self actualizers
another humanistic figure who emphasized that the only way to knowledge is science, no objective truth. his __ ___ theory emphasized
conditions need to be present/fulfilled for personality to change, when people are stuck growth/dev can be possible via therapoy to get to fully functioning person. surrounded by nature and interested in examining how people can be helepd and theorizing why people needed help. curious about needed conditions for living things to develop, we are part of nature like plants and animals in many ways. certain principles that explain the development of all living things = conditions necessary for human growth. to get to base of knowledge where we understand selves as being part of nature. NO OBJECTIVE TRUTH, but we can get to different ones based on perceptions of scientist.
carl rogers, person centered theory
Rogers theory had a few assumptions: _____ tendency - we evolve, change and become different. natural tendency for all organic and inorganic matter. starts simple and gets complex via creative process. _______ tendency-fulfilment happens when we satisfy needs. we become fulfilled when we attend to physiological, intellectual and emotional needs. balance between ____ and ______, and conditions for actualization include: _____,____,_____
formative, actualizing, maitaining, enhancing, authenticity, empathy, unconditional positive regard
rogers, we develo the self in ____, when we realize we are different from surrounding. organized experienced as we grow make up experiences of the self. the self also includes the ___ ___, not only how self experiences the world. he discerned between the ____ self, traits people want to have and ___ self (self concept) , which is right now. if ____ exists between these two selves, anxiety results. but if working towards the ideal anxiety is ____. this is the path to self actualization
infancy, self concept. ideal, real, anxiety. reduced
rogers, in order to be on path to actualization, we have ____ and learn from world. as we experience things, we get ____ where we realize hat it is helpful to have a positive regard for self. when we receive positive regard, makes journey easier. self develops need for this as we develop. us liking and accepting selves is ___ ___, and is a human universal need. not all children receive, as parents place conditions on need for regard. when kids feel like they have to make no mistakes to be accepted, is ______. how we express expectations of others is important (accepting failiure as being part of success. parents should_____ action from person (i dont like what you did but i like you). should not place ____- of ____ on people, creates obstacles for growth (hiding, lying, guilt is a result). unconditional positive regard despite mistakes is the path to self actualization, people arent hindered by anxiety if off track.
experiences, better, positive regard, harmful, seperate,conditions of worth,
rogers says that ____ happens when who we are and who we want to be in the self concept are at odds and are not =. psychological imbalance (im a bad person for doing this). we are ____ vulnerable to psychopathology and mental illness when we do not know anxiety comes from disequilibrium, why we dont understand what we do (equate mistakes to worthines). as we get more aware, feel anxious and threatened, human nature to protect selves and create ___ ____. when its too obvious and there is a huge gap between ideal and real self - we feel ______ and serious psych illness is seen
incongruence. more. defence mechanisms, disorganization
