Chapter 9 Flashcards
Simplifying complex information by focusing on general concepts.
Abstraction
Categories created for a specific purpose or situation.
Ad Hoc Categories
Groups based on man-made objects or tools.
Artifact Categories
The process of grouping things based on similarities.
Categorization
The average or most common position in a set of data.
Central Tendency
A theory where categories are defined by specific, clear features.
Classical View of Categorization
A mental representation of a category or idea.
Concept
A theory that categorization is based on comparing new items to specific examples from memory.
Exemplar Theory
The idea that we categorize things based on the explanations or causes behind them.
Explanation-Based Views
The idea that things within a category share overlapping features, but not necessarily all the same ones.
Family Resemblance
The idea that some members of a category fit better than others.
Graded Membership
The process of suppressing or blocking certain thoughts or responses.
Inhibition
Different hierarchical levels (e.g., basic, superordinate, subordinate) at which we categorize items.
Levels of Categorization
The phenomenon where exposure to one stimulus influences the response to another related stimulus.
Mediated Priming
A cognitive bias where people accept false information if it fits within a familiar context.
Moses Illusion
Categories based on natural groups in the world, like animals or plants.
Natural Kind Categories
The effect where exposure to one stimulus influences response to another.
Priming
A theory where we categorize based on a typical or ideal example of a category.
Prototype Model
The belief that things have an underlying essence that makes them what they are.
Psychological Essentialism
The process of rebuilding memories or information based on existing knowledge.
Reconstruction
A mental framework that organizes knowledge.
Schema
A type of schema that guides behavior in familiar situations.
Scripts
The idea that it’s easier to make judgments about things that are congruent with their category.
Semantic Congruity Effect
The tendency to take longer to judge things that are farther apart in meaning.
Semantic Distance Effect
A type of long-term memory that stores general knowledge and facts.
Semantic Memory
The tendency to remember the first and last items in a list better than the middle items.
Serial Position Effect
The tendency to associate smaller numbers with the left side and larger numbers with the right side.
SNARC Effect
Relationships based on hierarchical categories (e.g., animal → mammal → dog).
Taxonomic Relations
Relationships based on functional or contextual connections (e.g., dog → leash → walk).
Thematic Relations
