Chapter 18 Flashcards
Threshold Models
Recognition memory depends on activation exceeding a threshold.
Two-Threshold Model
if activation is high → Recognized (“Yes”)
If activation is low → Rejected (“No”)
Some uncertainty exists between these states.
Generate-Recognize Model
A two-step recall model correcting for guessing.
Steps in the Generate-Recognize Model
Generate: Search memory for possible matches.
Recognize: Decide if a generated item is correct.
Recognition Failure
Sometimes an item can be recalled but not recognized due to different retrieval cues.
Recall vs. Recognition Cues
Recall: Uses external cues (e.g., a hint).
Recognition: Relies on the item itself.
Example of Recognition Failure
Forgetting a phone number when reading it but recalling it when dialling.
Multiple Trace Models (MINERVA 2)
Each memory trace is a set of numbers representing features (presence/absence).
Probe in MINERVA 2
A probe (e.g., “elephant”) activates similar traces, returning “echoes” with intensity and content.
Echoes in MINERVA 2
Echoes reflect memory strength and are a weighted average of active traces.
MINERVA 2 and Schemas
Multiple echoes help narrow on specific traces and can also generate schemas.
Distributed Storage Models
Memories are stored across the same structure.
Examples of Distributed Storage Models
TODAM (Theory of Distributed Associative Memory)
CHARM (Composite Holographic Associative Retrieval Model)
Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) Models
Memory is stored in networks of interconnected units, like neurons and axons.
Connectionist Networks in PDP
Learning occurs by shifting “weights” between interconnected units.
Dual-Process Models
Memory has two processes:
Familiarity (continuous strength)
Recollection (specific details, binary judgment)
Familiarity vs. Recollection
Familiarity is faster, requiring less info (quantitative).
Recollection is effortful, conscious, and depends on specific details (qualitative).
Brain Regions for Dual-Process Models
Familiarity: Temporal cortex
Recollection: Hippocampus & frontal lobes
Remember-Know Judgment
Definition: A method to distinguish between:
“Remember” (specific details)
“Know” (general sense of familiarity)
