Chapter 3 Flashcards
What is the “aha” effect?
The sudden realization or insight into the solution of a problem.
What is the concreteness effect?
The tendency to remember concrete words better than abstract ones.
What is automaticity of encoding?
The ability to process information with little conscious effort.
What are associated words?
Words that are linked together in memory due to meaning or context.
What is forced choice recognition?
Choosing the correct answer from a set of options.
What is a correct rejection?
Correctly identifying a stimulus as not previously encountered.
What is cued recall?
Retrieving a memory with the help of a specific cue.
What is a direct memory task?
A task that explicitly asks participants to recall or recognize information.
What is discrimination in memory tasks?
The ability to distinguish between similar stimuli.
What is Dual Code theory?
The idea that information is stored in both visual and verbal forms.
What is elaborative rehearsal?
A memory technique that involves thinking about the meaning of information.
How do emotions affect memory?
They can enhance or impair memory depending on context and intensity.
What is a false alarm in memory tasks?
Mistakenly identifying a new stimulus as familiar.
What is the enactment effect?
Improved memory for actions performed versus those read or observed.
What is forced recall?
Recalling items even when unsure, often with a required number.
What is the forgetting curve?
A graph showing how information is lost over time if not rehearsed.
What is free recall?
Remembering items in any order without cues.
What is a functional stimulus?
The actual stimulus perceived and processed by the participant.
What is the generation effect?
Better memory for self-generated information than for read information.
What is hindsight bias?
The tendency to see events as more predictable after they occur.
What is a hit in recognition memory?
Correctly identifying a previously encountered stimulus.
What is hypermnesia?
An improvement in memory performance with repeated attempts.
What is an indirect memory task?
A task that assesses memory without explicitly asking to recall or recognize.
What is intentional learning?
Learning with the goal of retaining information.
What is levels of processing theory?
The idea that deeper processing leads to better memory.
What is metamemory?
Knowledge about one’s own memory processes.
What is the mirror effect?
High-frequency words are recognized less but recalled more and vice versa for low-frequency words.
What is priming?
Enhanced processing of a stimulus due to prior exposure.
What is overlearning?
Continued practice beyond initial mastery.
What is the picture superiority effect?
Better memory for pictures than for words.
What is the production effect?
Better memory for items that are read aloud.
What is rote rehearsal?
Repeating information without thinking about its meaning.
What is savings?
Faster relearning of previously studied information.
What is the speed-accuracy tradeoff?
The balance between quick responses and accurate ones.
