Chapter 15 Flashcards
What is the accessibility hypothesis?
The idea that people judge their knowledge based on how easily information comes to mind.
What are acronyms?
Memory aids where the first letters of words form a new, easily remembered word (e.g., NASA).
What is the allocation of study time?
The process of deciding how much time to spend studying different materials.
What are beliefs in the context of memory?
Assumptions people have about how memory works and their own memory abilities.
What are acrostics?
Mnemonic devices where the first letters of words in a sentence represent information to remember.
What is blocking view?
The idea that failing to recall information is due to interference from other knowledge.
What is the competition hypothesis?
The theory that memory retrieval is harder when multiple similar memories compete.
What is the cue utilization hypothesis?
The idea that memory performance depends on how well cues match stored information.
What are cues?
Hints or triggers that help recall information from memory.
What is eidetic imagery?
The ability to vividly recall images with high detail, similar to a photographic memory.
What are extrinsic cues?
External factors that influence memory judgments, such as study conditions.
What is the feeling of knowing (FOK)?
The sense that you know something even if you can’t recall it at the moment.
What is highly superior autobiographical memory (HSAM)?
A rare ability to recall personal life events in extreme detail.
What is hindsight bias?
The “knew-it-all-along” effect—thinking something was predictable after it happens.
What is the inability hypothesis?
The idea that memory failures happen because some information is never stored properly.
What is the incomplete activation view?
The theory that memory failure happens when a cue activates only part of a memory.
What are intrinsic cues?
Characteristics of the material itself that affect how memorable it is.
What are judgments of learning (JOLs)?
Predictions people make about how well they will remember something later.
What is the knew-it-all-along effect?
Another term for hindsight bias—thinking you always knew something after learning it.
What is the labor-in-vain effect?
Spending too much time studying difficult material without much improvement.
What are memorists?
People with exceptional memory abilities.
What is metamemory?
Awareness and understanding of one’s own memory processes.
What is the method of loci?
A memory technique that associates information with locations in a familiar space.
What are mnemonic cues?
Memory aids or strategies that help with recall.
What are mnemonics?
Techniques that improve memory, such as rhymes or associations.
What are mnemonists?
People who use or have mastered mnemonic techniques for memory enhancement.
What is the monitoring retrieval hypothesis?
The idea that memory judgments come from monitoring retrieval success.
What is the peg-word mnemonic?
A technique where you link new information to a set of pre-learned words (e.g., one-bun, two-shoe).
What is recognition without awareness?
Identifying something as familiar without consciously remembering where you encountered it.
What is the region of proximal learning?
The idea that focusing on moderately difficult material leads to better learning.
What is a remember-know judgment?
A memory test where people indicate whether they recall details (remember) or just feel familiarity (know).
What is a rhyming mnemonic?
A memory aid that uses rhymes to help recall information (e.g., “i before e except after c”).
What is severely deficient autobiographical memory (SDAM)?
A condition where a person has little to no ability to recall personal life events.
What is the story mnemonic?
A memory technique where information is woven into a narrative to aid recall.
What are targets in memory studies?
The specific pieces of information a person is trying to recall.
What is the tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) state?
The frustrating feeling of being unable to recall a word or name even though you know it.
