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Speech And Hearing Science > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Acoustic standpoint, meaning of an utterance on 2 broad levels

A
  1. Segmental (phoneme)
    Smallest meaningful unit and coarticulation of phonemes
  2. Suprasegmental - superimposed features on the segments
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2
Q

Intent is communicated at what level

A

Segmental and suprasegmental
Suprasegmental = prosody

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3
Q

perceptual features and acoustic correlates
Intonation
Timing
Loudness

A

Fundamental frequency contour
Duration and juncture
Intensity contour

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4
Q

Combine in ways that are both LANGUAGE and SPEAKER dependent to form

A

Syllabic stress
Prominence
Rhythm

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5
Q

Tone is related to _____ but intonation is correlated to ______ at the utterance level

A

Pitch, pitch contour

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6
Q

Pitch is not a _____

A

Minimally contrastive feature - doesn’t change meaning of word in English

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7
Q

Tonal language characteristic

A

Words can be equal in all SEGMENTAL features except TONE, which then changes the meaning of the words

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8
Q

Intonation is used in English to signal:

A

Statements and questions
Emotional intent
The end of an utterance or conversational turn

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9
Q

Intonation contour can signal a ________ when the syntax is a statement

A

Question
He is.
He is?

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10
Q

Intonation varies with closed/open ended questions

A

Rising inflection for closed
Rising and falling for open

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11
Q

Intonation contour contributes to the listener’s perception of the speaker’s _______

A

Emotional intent

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12
Q

What is declination?

A

Tendency of the fundamental frequency to gradually decrease over the duration of the utterance
Most common explanation is lung pressure

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13
Q

Declination and syllables

A

Syllables may receive a slight upward inflection but overall pitch of the intonation unit may have a different pitch contour

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14
Q

At the segmental (sound) level what is duration a perceptual cue of?

A

Place and manner of articulation

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15
Q

At the prosodic level what can duration do?

A

When manipulated it can provide additional linguistic information
Signals semantic boundaries known as preboundary lengthening
Caused by duration of phonemes (especially vowels)

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16
Q

What does increased duration of one or more syllables in the utterance-final position signal

A

The end of words or an utterance

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17
Q

What is duration also defined by?

A

Juncture which is the pause time or separation of syllables
Juncture can influence the meaning of an utterance (by where break occurs)

18
Q

What can increase the comprehension of a listener

A

Identifying distinct words from the flow of speech
Did you eat yet? Vs
Djeajet

19
Q

Juncture can distinguish what in an utterance

A

Word boundaries
I’m aching a lot vs.
I’m making a lot of

20
Q

What is sonority

A

the loudness level of a sound relative to other sounds of similar length, pitch and stress

21
Q

At a prosodic level, intensity and fundamental frequency are ________

A

Correlated
Intensity declines as does FF but not to the same extent
Decline in intensity is an acoustic cue that signals the end of an utterance

22
Q

What is syllabic stress defined by?

A

Rules of the language, NOT speaker choice

23
Q

What is stress?

A

The amount of emphasis placed upon a syllabic segment within a word

24
Q

How is stress achieved?

A

FF that is usually higher
Duration that is longer
Intensity that is greater
This can also be called an acoustic highlight

25
Q

What is contrastive syllabic stress

A

One word with two meaning depending on where the syllabic stress is
Usually a noun/verb pair
CONtest - conTEST

26
Q

What is derivative stress

A

It is a phonological process that involves shifting the stress of a word when it is used in a different part of speech
DeMOcracy vs. DEMoCRATic

27
Q

Perception of stress

A

Pitch and loudness contribute
Help to differentiate between verbs and nouns

28
Q

What is prominence

A

Amount of emphasis placed on a syllable or group of syllables to convey meaning

29
Q

What is prominence defined by?

A

Speaker defined by communicative intent

30
Q

How is prominence and phrase prominence achieved

A

Fundamental frequency that is higher
Duration that is longer
Intensity that is greater

31
Q

What is phrase prominence?

A

Emphasis placed upon one or more syllables within an intonation unit (phrase) for purposes of conveying meaning

32
Q

What is speech rhythm

A

A language-dependent phenomenon that encompasses both the temporal and spectral patterned recurrence of strong and weak prosodic elements

33
Q

What does speech rhythm include?

A

Pitch, stress, loudness, and rate

34
Q

What are temporal measures based on

A

Segmentation of the speech signal into vocalic and consonantal (intervocalic) intervals

35
Q

What is overall variability in a phrase

A

Standard deviation of the vocalic (triangle V) and consonantal (triangle C) intervals
Correlated heavily with RATE of speech

36
Q

Rate-normalized measures of mean vocalic (VarcoV) and consonantal (VarcoC) intervals

A

Independent of rate of speech

37
Q

What is pairwise variability of index (PVI)

A

Compares the durations of sequential pairs of vocalic (PVI-V) or consonantal (PVI-C) intervals

38
Q

The acoustic and physiologic components of speech prosody are closely intertwined with what?

A

Cognitive-linguistic components of language

39
Q

Dichotomy between segmental and prosodic levels are what?

A

Artificial b/c the prosodic features are achieved at the level of the phoneme

40
Q

Prosody is a ________ of various linguistic units into an utterance

A

Systematic organization
Involves both segmental and suprasegmental features of speech prosody

Speech And Hearing Science (12 decks)

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