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Speech And Hearing Science > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The most basic element of the nervous system

A

Nerve cell (neuron)

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2
Q

Overview of neuroanatomic system

A

Perceive, integrate and respond to external and internal stimuli

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3
Q

What makes up the central nervous system?

A

Brain
Spinal nerves

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4
Q

What are ganglia

A

A mass of nerve bodies
Relay points and connections b/w neural structures
In pns

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5
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system

A

Membrane covered processes of neurons originating from the brain or spinal cord

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6
Q

What does the PNS do

A

Connect the CNS to the organs, limbs, and skin
Carries sensory and motor info to and from the CNS
Allows the brain and spinal cord to receive and send info to other areas of the body
Regulates involuntary body functions like heartbeat and breathing

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7
Q

3 functions of nerves

A

Motor
Sensory
Both

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8
Q

What is the motor system

A

Efferent (exits the brain/CNS)
Carries information from CNS to periphery

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9
Q

What is sensory

A

Afferent (arrives at brain/CNS)
Carries info from periphery to brain/CNS

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10
Q

Breathing as a reflex

A

Initiated in the medulla oblongata
Motor output to the muscles via the phrenic and intercostal nerves
Send signals to diaphragm
Reflexive but can be controlled

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11
Q

2 types of sensory receptors

A

Chemoreceptors - in the lungs sensitive to CO2, O2 and pH balance
Mechanoreceptors - nerve ending that fires in response to tissue distortion, including tissue stretch
-muscle spindles are mechanoreceptors and respond to stretch in bronchioles and aveoli

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12
Q

Inhalation and inspiration

A

Movement of air into the upper and lower airways -interchangeable terms

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13
Q

Exhalation and expiration

A

Movement of air out of the upper and lower airways

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14
Q

What is the upper airway consist of

A

Pharynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity, and sinuses

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15
Q

What constitutes the lower airway

A

Below the larynx - trachea, lungs, primary bronchioles

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16
Q

What is respiration

A

Process of gas exchange at the cellular level
The biological basis for breathing
Caused by a need to remove CO2 and acidic gas and obtain O2

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17
Q

What is ventilation

A

Process of moving air in and out of the lower airway to enable gas exchange

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18
Q

What is breathing governed by

A

Linguistic and physiologic needs
Speech is an overlaid function

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19
Q

What is diffusion

A

Process of Gas exchange
through the movement of fluid molecules
from high concentration to low concentration

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20
Q

What 3 components constitute how we breath

A

Volume, pressure, and airflow - work together to facilitate breathing

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21
Q

Inverse relationship between volume and pressure (Boyle’s law)

A

Pressure of gas increased by adding more molecules or decreasing the volume of the container.
Pressure of gas decreased by removing some molecules or increasing the volume of the container
If the volume of gas is increased the pressure will decrease
If the volume of gas is decreased the pressure will increase
Foundation process of breathing

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22
Q

Boyle’s law and breathing/lung expansion

A

Lung expands causing a drop in air pressure in the lungs
Pressure in the lungs is negative compared to atmospheric pressure
The difference in t pressure between the lungs and atmosphere will cause air to flow from the high pressure to lower pressure until the pressure is equalized

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23
Q

Boyle’s law and breathing/lung contraction

A

Lungs contract
Leading to increase in pressure in the lungs (less volume)
Pressure in lungs is positive (greater than atmosphere, causing air to flow out

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24
Q

Diffusion/gas exchange 3 necessary components

A

Large surface area
Thin permeable membrane
High concentration gradient (more O2 in the alveoli than in the blood)

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25
Q

Muscles are what type of tissue

A

Contractile

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26
Q

What constitutes a motor unit

A

Single motor unit and muscle fiber it innervates
Size of motor unit depends on the function of the muscle

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27
Q

Muscles

A

Can be shortened by 50% but usually function with 10% of resting length
Work in pairs - agonist/antagonist
Can contract and relax but not elongate and stretch by themselves

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28
Q

Agonist/antagonist

A

Synergistic relationship
Agonist contract to achieve a given movement -
Antagonist opposes contraction of another muscle - stretched by the agonist

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29
Q

Types of muscle movement

A

Isometric
Concentric
Eccentric

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30
Q

Isometric

A

Contraction opposed by another muscle so there is no shortening and no movement - tension equal to load

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31
Q

Concentric

A

Muscle shortening and movement of a skeletal element - tension greater than load - contracting

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32
Q

Eccentric

A

Contraction is partially opposed and movement is slowed but not inhibited and muscle lengthens - tension is less than the load - returning to resting position

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33
Q

Classification by location for muscles of breathing

A

Neck, thorax, back, abdominal wall

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34
Q

Functional classification of muscles of breathing

A

Inhalation - lower airway - diaphragm and external intercostals
Exhalation - lower airway - internal intercostals

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35
Q

The rib cage expands in 3 directions

A

Anteroposteriorly ( front to back)
Inferiorly-superiorly (lower to higher)
Laterally (sideways)

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36
Q

2 types of movement for external intercostals (inhalation)

A

Upper ribs move in pump handle motion
Anterior portion of rib is elevated
Displacement towards front is upward but lateral displacement is small
Lower ribs move in bucket handle motion
Upward displacement outward and laterally

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37
Q

Internal intercostals movement in expiration

A

On contractions ribs descend and draw inward
Caudle portion of the intercostals have the opposite function

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38
Q

3 functions of all muscles of breathing

A

Breathing (changing volume of lungs and thorax)
Posture stabilization (core) - can increase breathing efficiency
Movement (bending, turning, etc)

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39
Q

What is tidal breathing

A

Quiet breathing at rest

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40
Q

Factors related to lung volume changes

A
  1. Lung contains no muscles - dependent on external muscles
  2. Linkage to thoracic cavity - visceral and parietal pleura
  3. Restorative forces of tissues
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41
Q

Pleura

A

Linkage b/w lungs and thoracic cavity
Lungs are encased by viscera pleura
Thoracic cavity is lined by parietal pleura
Negative pressure

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42
Q

What is the mechanism for expansion and contraction of the lungs

A

Intrapleural pressure must remain negative to maintain expansion of lungs

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43
Q

Pleurisy

A

Fluid is reduced so 2 linings are rubbing together

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44
Q

What is pneumothorax

A

The pleural linkage is ruptured from chest trauma
Spontaneous pneumothorax - no specific cause -often happens in chronic lung conditions
Activity related pneumothorax - scuba diving, smoking, high altitude and flying

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45
Q

Inspiration cycle

A

Starts at resting lung volume (resting expiratory level)
This is the point of equilibrium between the opposing restorative forces
Diaphragm contracts (flattening down to initiate inhalation)
This stretches the plural membranes - causing a drop in intrapleural pressure
Abdomen pulls downward and outward
Increases the transverse dimension of the thoracic cavity
Portion of the external intercostals contract
Pressure decreases causing air to flow in. When pressure is equalized exhalation will begin

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46
Q

What is fatigue resistance

A

Muscle fibers taking turns contracting during inspiratory cycles to combat fatigue

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47
Q

Inspiratory cycle and pressure

A

Increased dimension = increased volume = decreases in pressure

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48
Q

Expiratory cycle

A

Diaphragm relaxes and curves upward
External intercostals relax drawing the ribs downward and inward
Decreased dimension = describes volume = increased pressure

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49
Q

How many breaths in tidal breathing

A

12-15 breathes per minutes

50
Q

Tidal lung volume

A

The volume of air exchanged during a single cycle of breathing
15% of vital capacity

51
Q

Residual volume

A

The volume of air that remains in the lungs AFTER a maximal exhalation
25% of TOTAL lung capacity

52
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A

The amount of air that COULD still be inhaled after a normal inhalation

53
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

The amount of air that COULD still be exhaled AFTER a normal exhalation

54
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

The maximum volume of air that can be inhaled at the end of a normal, quiet expiration
IC = IRV + TV

55
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

Amount of air reaming in the lungs when recoil forces are balanced
38-40% vital capacity
FRC = ERV + RV

56
Q

Vital capacity

A

The total volume of air that can be exchanged during a single

57
Q

Forced inhalation

A

Due to increased physical activity and speech
Occurs when a greater volume of air is inspired than tidal breathing
Volumes approximately 60% of vital capacity

58
Q

Forced exhalation

A

Occurs when volume of air in lungs is moved out at a faster rate than tidal breathing and/or greater volumes
Downward and inward pull on the ribs forces the ribs to move faster

59
Q

Forces acting on breathing system

A

Active forces
Passive forces
Relaxation pressure

60
Q

What is an active force

A

Forced contraction of the muscles of expiration

61
Q

What is a passive force

A

Gravity, elastic recoil forces rib cage and lungs, surface tension of the alveoli

62
Q

What is relaxation pressure

A

Acts to return the breathing system to resting expiratory level - equilibrium
Lung volume dictates level of relaxation pressure
Muscle contraction (active forces) can counteract
Positive when it acts to decrease lung volume
The curve above resting lung volume represents the relaxation pressures working to decrease lung volume

63
Q

Resting lung volume

A

Alveolar pressure (relaxation pressure) is equal to the elastic recoil forces of the lungs and thorax
Equilibrium occurs at about 48-40% vital capacity
RLV is the total volume of air that can be exchanged during a single maximal inhalation and exhalation cycle

64
Q

Sustained vowel phonation

A

Requires alveolar pressure at 2-3 cm/H2O as a minimum
Pressures about 60% vital capacity are too great to sustain phonation
Bw 38-60% of vital capacity expiratory muscle activity needed to sustain phonation

65
Q

What is tidal volume at rest

A

500 mL per breath which is enough to sustain quiet phonation

66
Q

What is inspiratory checking action

A

Braking action by engaging the muscles of inspiration
Counteracts the relaxation pressures
Lung pressure is modified for frequency, intensity, and linguistic demands
Sustained phonation impossible without it

67
Q

Speech breathing

A

adaptation of inspiratory-expiratory cycle for speech production
lung volumes above resting expiratory level
35=60% vital capacity
Initiated at lung volumes equal to peak of tidal breathing up to twice its depth 1.2-1.5 liters/1200-1500 mL
Produced at greater intensity will be initiated at higher lung volumes - up to 30 cm/H20

68
Q

Changes for running speech are based on

A

Timing of inhalation and exhalation
Volumes of air inhaled and exhaled

69
Q

What is phrase breath groups

A

The number of words or syllables that are spoken on one exhalation
Length of phrase breath group is determined by linguistic content and personal habit

70
Q

Tidal breathing cycle percentages

A

Inhalation 40%
Exhalation 60%

71
Q

Speech breathing cycle percentages

A

10% inhalation
90% exhalation

72
Q

Adaptive Control of speech breathing is changeable due to:

A

Internal demands of our bodies
External demands of our communication
Demands can be both conscious and unconscious

73
Q

Body type and adaptive control for speech breathing

A

Degree of muscle development and adipose tissue affect the biomechanics of speech breathing
Endomorphs demonstrate greater abdominal wall activity vs. the rib cage as compared to ectomorphs

74
Q

Cognitive linguistic variables and adaptive control for speech breathing

A

Timing of breathing is altered
Breathing occurs primarily at grammatical and semantic boundaries
Direct relationship between length of phrase and depth of inspiration
Cognitive load influences timing

75
Q

Speech breathing personality

A

Clavicular
Chest
Diaphragmatic

76
Q

Clavicular breathing

A

Upward movement of shoulders and less diaphragm
Vertical expansion of chest and limited lateral expansion

77
Q

Chest breathing

A

Front to back expansion of chest wall causes lateral pull on diaphragm resulting in vertical expansion of lungs

78
Q

Diaphragmatic breathing

A

Antagonist muscle contraction of abdomen and thorax are minimized
Optimal style and target speech and voice therapy

79
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Excess of CO2
Dizziness, blurred vision, numbness and tingling

80
Q

Hypoventilation

A

Too little O2
Impaired cellular respiration, tissue damage, death

81
Q

What is airflow

A

The volume of air moving through a given cross-section of a tube per unit of time

82
Q

Work performed while breathing

A

To overcome resistance to airflow

83
Q

What is airway resistance due to

A

Diameter of the airway
Diameter of the tube and airway resistance have an inverse relationship
The narrower the tube, the higher the resistance

84
Q

How is airflow determined

A

change in air pressure to resistance
If the diameter is doubled, resistance will be lowered by a factor of 16
If the diameter is halved, resistance will be raised by a factor of 16

85
Q

Where is the majority of resistance

A

In the upper airway
Nose, pharynx, and larynx
Mostly the nose

86
Q

What regulates airway resistance

A

Autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic dilates the airway - opens
Parasympathetic constricts the airway

87
Q

Laminar airflow

A

Smooth, orderly, straight and uninterrupted
Occurs during quiet tidal breathing in the lower bronchi and bronchioles

88
Q

Turbulent airflow

A

High velocity, disorganized, tendency to form whirlpools called eddies
Increased driving pressure is required to sustain turbulent airflow

89
Q

Transitional airflow

A

Part laminar/turbulent
Occurs between the trachea and lower bronchi

90
Q

What is elastic resistance

A

The work required to prevent tissues from springing back to their original shape

91
Q

Deep slow breathing

A

Most of work is done against elastic resistance of tissues

92
Q

Rapid shallow breathing

A

Most of work is done against airway resistance

93
Q

What is viscosity

A

A measure of the internal friction of a fluid

94
Q

What is friction

A

The force that results in a drag on an object - slowing it down

95
Q

What is dyspnea

A

The sensation of working harder to breathe
Having difficulty breathing, feeling out of breath or chest tightness

96
Q

What is compliance

A

The ease in which the lungs and thoracic cavity can be stretched
The change in the volume of a container produced by a change in the pressure across the walls of the container

97
Q

What is electromyography (EMG)

A

The study of the electrical activity of muscles

98
Q

What is respiratory inductance plethysmography

A

Measure the change in lung volume during breathing and the relative contribution of the abdomen and rib cage

99
Q

What is the pulmonary system

A

Trachea
Bronchial tree
Lungs

100
Q

What is the thoracic cavity

A

Rib cage
Spinal vertebrae posteriorly
Sternum anteriorly
Shoulder superiorly
Pelvis inferiorly

101
Q

What is dead space

A

The portion of the volume of air in any cycle of breathing that does not participate in gas exchange

102
Q

What is Pascals law

A

A change in pressure is rapidly transmitted everywhere in an enclosed space and is not diminished as it is transmitted

103
Q

What is tone

A

The muscles readiness to work

104
Q

What is isotonic

A

When a muscles contracts and it is unopposed, the muscle fibers shorten. Change in length of the muscle is isotonic

105
Q

What is an internal force

A

The weight of the body parts involved in the movement and the opposing pull of other muscles

106
Q

What is an external force

A

Act against a muscle from the outside. E.g. Gravity

107
Q

What is a prime mover and a synergist

A

Prime mover is the muscle that is primarily responsible for the movement. The agonist synergists are muscles that assist the prime mover and stabilize the other skeletal elements and help to prevent unwanted movement.

108
Q

What is the muscle-joint-skeletal system?

A

A lever
A rigid bar that rotates about a fixed point, a fulcrum
Joints are fulcrums, bones or cartilage the rigid bar

109
Q

When can muscles exert their greatest tension?

A

When at their resting length, not at their shortest

110
Q

What is motor equivalence

A

Phenomenon in which individuals demonstrate different motor behaviors in response to the same stimulus

111
Q

What is transthoracic pressure

A

The difference in the pressure between the alveoli and the atmosphere
It represents the amount of pressure needed to expand or contract the lungs and chest wall simultaneously

112
Q

When are ventilation rates highest

A

During speech breathing

113
Q

What is circular breathing

A

Enables the individual to replenish the volume of air in his or her lungs by inhaling, all the while continuing to blow air out of the mouth and into the wind instrument

114
Q

What happens with increased ventilatory demands

A

The length of the phrase breath group decreases
The expiratory time decreases
Larger lung volumes are used

115
Q

What is driving pressure

A

Difference between two points of pressure

116
Q

How does lung volume influence airway resistance

A

As lung volume increases (during inhalation)
Airway resistance decreases because the airways distend
The larger radius lowers the resistance

117
Q

Dysfunctional breathing disorders

A

Disruption of normal breathing patterns occur in the absence of or in excess to the magnitude of physiological disease

Deep sighing

118
Q

Obstructive diseases

A

COPD, asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis

119
Q

Disease that restrict ability to expand lung volume, limiting vital capacity

A

Neuromuscular problems, diseases effecting tissue

120
Q

Impairment to person’s muscular control

A

Neuromuscular disease, sever trauma (CVA)

121
Q

4 symptoms of breathing disorder

A
  1. Dyspnea
  2. Fatigue associated with extra effort to breath
  3. Stridor-noisy breathing
  4. Changes in voice

Speech And Hearing Science (12 decks)

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