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Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Vocal tract is an…

A

Acoustic resonator that shapes sounds

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2
Q

What is a vowel

A

A vocal sound produced by a
Relatively free passage of the
airstream through the
larynx and mouth
ALWAYS PRODUCED WITH VF VIBRATION
THE NUCLEUS OF A SYLLABLE

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3
Q

What is a consonant

A

One or more areas of
Partial or complete
Vocal tract narrowing caused by
Some degree of constriction

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4
Q

What are 3 sources of speech sounds

A
  1. nearly periodic complex waves
  2. Continiuous aperiodic waves
  3. Transient aperiodic waves
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5
Q

What is a nearly periodic wave

A

Result of VF vibration
All vowels and some consonants produced this way

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6
Q

What are continuous aperiodic waves?

A

Ariflow moving through a supraglottal constriction
In the VF tract
Creates turbulence (noise)
How /s/ and /f/ are produced

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7
Q

What is a transient aperiodic wave?

A

Created by pressure variatsion in the mouth
Pop of the /p/ and click of the /k/

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8
Q

Acoustic theory of speech production features

A

The features of the vocal tract can be inferred From its acoustic output
-specific articulator postures produce specific sounds

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9
Q

Acoustic theory of speech production
Speech product broken into 2 major components

A

Source: sound source or input to the vocal tract - creates the sound rich in harmonic structure
Filter: vocal tract as the resonator/modulator of sound - selects a portion of the harmonic frequencies to radiate from the mouth

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10
Q

Vocal tract filter

A

Frequency dependent filter
Vocal tract resonates the SOURCE signal by allowing
Selected frequencies to pass through the filter
With greater amplitude (intensity) than other frequencies
The characteristic resonances are FORMANTS

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11
Q

Characteristic resonances of the vocal tract

A

Distinctive resonances or frequencies that are generated in vocal tract and radiated out of the mouth
Formants - spectral peaks

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12
Q

How does glottal closure contribute to spectral characteristics of acoustic source

A

The faster the cutoff of the airflow the greater exciation of the column of air in the vocal tract
Therefore
The greater the energy in the higher frequency harmonics

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13
Q

Roll off characteristics of the spectrum

A

As the harmonic frequency increases the amplitude decreases

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14
Q

Major determinant of pitch

A

Rate at which the column of air in the vocal tract is set into vibration

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15
Q

Frequencies at which the column of air resonates

A

Determined by the size and shape of the vocal tract
Rate of vibration determines fundamental frequency

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16
Q

What defines the resonance characterisitcs of the vocal tract

A

Length and cross section
Simplified uniform tube that is closed at one end and open at the other

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17
Q

Air particles vibrate most and least effectively where

A

most: at the open end
least: at the closed ed

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18
Q

Open end of tube (lips)

A

maximum velocity
minimum pressure

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19
Q

Closed end of tube (glottis)

A

Minimum velocity
Maximum pressure

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20
Q

Resonance characteristics of vocal tract aka

A

Transfer function

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21
Q

Tube resonants best at what length

A

4 x’s the length
Get 1/4, 3/4 and 5/4

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22
Q

Each resonant pattern is a what?

A

Standing wave = formant

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23
Q

Constriction at antinode (lips) does what to formant frequency?

A

Raises

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24
Q

What does constriction at the NODE do to formant frequency?

A

Lowers

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25
Q

Calculating F1

A

Fn= formant number
c = velocity of sound (34k cm/sec)
w(not really) = wavelength
wavelength is 4x the length of the vocal tract

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26
Q

How to calculate F2 and F3

A

F2 (F1 x3)
F3 (f1 x 5)

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27
Q

Ways to vary the vocal tract

A

Protrude the lips - critical to production of speech sound
Raise or lower the larynx - more important in singing than speech

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28
Q

Formants vs harmonics

A

Formants are RESONATING characteristics of the vocal tract and describe the acoustic FILTER.
Harmonics are multiples of the fundamental frequency and describe the sound SOURCE.

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29
Q

Does the vocal tract add energy to what is supplied by the sound source

A

No! only resonation
It selectively allows a greater or lesser amount of the energy of each harmonic to be radiated out of the vocal tract

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30
Q

Shortening the vocal tract…

A

Raises the formant frequnecies

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31
Q

Lengthening the vocal tract….

A

Lowers the formant frequencies

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32
Q

The lower the formant frequencies…

A

The wider the spacing between formants

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33
Q

The higher the formant frequencies…

A

The narrower the spacing between formants

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34
Q

Lip Radiaiton (acoustic characteristic)

A

higher frequency harmonics are resonated MORE
than the lower frequency harmonics BUT
lower frequencies have greater energy

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35
Q

Greater energy_________displacement of air particles

A

greater

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36
Q

Smaller particle displacement___________to lower frequencies

A

Gives more resistance

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37
Q

What is the maximum gain of dB per octave at the mouth opening?

A

6 dB

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38
Q

Story of resonance and standing waves

A

Pressure wave generated by VF travels up vocal tract
Reaches lips and the sudden and dramatic increase in expanse of the atmosphere
A portion of the wave is reflected back into the vocal tract
When reflected wave reaches glottis (closed end) it is reflected back up the vocal tract
The interference patterns of the incident and reflected wave makes a STANDING WAVE

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39
Q

Vibration will be reinforced or transmitted most effectively if what?

A

The wavelength of the vibration matches the resonance characteristics of the tube

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40
Q

F1 info

A

The lowest resonant frequency
Wavelength 4 x’s the length of the vocal tract
Contains 1 node (glottis), 1 antinode (lips)

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41
Q

F2 info

A

First odd multiple of the lowest formant frequency
Wavelength that is three-quarters of the vocal tract

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42
Q

F3 info

A

Second odd multiple of the lowest formant frequency
Wavelength that is five-quarters length of the vocal tract

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43
Q

Do changes to the spectral characteristics of the source change characteristics of the vocal tract transfer function

A

No

44
Q

How do you constrict the vocal tract

A

Movement of the tongue, jaws and lips…sometimes muscles of the pharyngeal wall
The location and degree of constriction can be used to specify the acoustic output of all vowels in American English

45
Q

Synonym for perturbation

A

Disturbance

46
Q

Rules of constriction

A

Formants are lowered by labial constriction
Formants are raised by excursion of the mandible (lowering of jaw)

47
Q

F1 oral posture

A

Frequency of spectral peak is LOWERED by a constriction in the
Oral cavity
Near the point of maximum velocity
Raised by constriction in the pharynx (lowering the mandible)

48
Q

F2 and oral posture

A

Most influenced by tongue position (posterior portion)
Lowered by a constriction at the lips or back of the oral cavity (/u/)
Raised by a constriction in the anterior oral cavity behind the lips (/i/)

49
Q

F3 and oral posture

A

Most influenced by the tips of the tongue (anterior portion)
Lowered by constriction at the lips and middle of the mouth (schwa)
Raised by a constriction in the oropharynx (/ɑ/) and constriction in the anterior mouth (/j/)

50
Q

F1 and quadrilateral

A

Inverse relationship between F1 and vowel height
As the vowel becomes lower or more open F1 increases - front and back vowels
(See diagram)

51
Q

F2 and quadrilateral

A

F2 decreases in front vowels as it becomes more open
Does not hold true for back vowels
See diagram
As vowels move from back to front
F2 increases inconsistently
The distance between F1 and F2 increases
The relationship of F1 and F2 influences vowel advancement

52
Q

Vowel quality and formant frequency

A

As vowel quality moves from high to low front, F2 lowers, drawing F1 and F2 progressively closers
Back vowels: F2 and F3 are spaced relatively far apart
See diagram #9

53
Q

Size of cavity and relation to vibration and frequency

A

The smaller the cavity
The greater the vibration
The higher the frequency

54
Q

Where in the cavity is resonance created for front vowel

A

Back of the vocal tract (hypo and oropharynx)

55
Q

Resonant cavity for back vowel

A

Anterior portion of the vocal tract

56
Q

Tongue as an incompressible/non structure

A

Where there is focal compression there is focal expansion in another area
Constriction in oral and oral pharyngeal cavities occur due to tonguemovement

57
Q

Movement of the articulators and resonant space

A

Movement of articulators creates different-sized resonating spaces
Larger space will produce lower formants than smaller spaces

58
Q

Corner vowels of quadrilateral

A

Auditory anchor points for describing perceptual representation
Represent the extremes of the vocal tract articulation

59
Q

Cardinal vowels

A

8 vowels that are described as being independent of any given language
Based on tongue height and front/back positioning
Secondary cardinal vowels are on the opposite side so are rounded or unrounded
See diagram page 10

60
Q

Tense vowels

A

Produced with greater muscle contraction
Produced at extremes of articulatory posture with tongue higher in the oral cavity
Longer in duration than lax vowels

61
Q

Open and closed syllables

A

Open syllables usually contain long (tense) vowels - syllables ending in a vowel
Closed syllables contain either long or short vowels - syllables ending in a consonant (pill, debt, etc)

62
Q

Intrinsic pitch of vowels

A

Pitch descends: height front vowels to low front vowels and
From low back vowels to high back vowels
Perceived intrinsic pitch is tied closely to general lowering of the second formant frequency

63
Q

Rhotacized vowel quality

A

/ɜ/ occurs as the nucleus in a stressed syllable
/ə/ occurs as the nucleus in an unstressed syllable

64
Q

Diphthongs see pg 12 in notes

A

Page 12

65
Q

Diphthong tense/lax

A

Tend to move from tense to lax
Onglide is starting point
Off glide is ending point

66
Q

Most important articulatory structure of the supraglottal tract

A

Tongue

67
Q

Tongue info

A

12-14 in notes

68
Q

Size and density differences of tongue

A

Suggest differential function based on the focal AREA of contraction
Size differs along anterior-poesterior
Density differs along medial lateral

69
Q

Degrees of freedom for tongue

A

Constrained and reduced by geometric and kinematic relationships b/w the muscles of the tonge

70
Q

What is geometric

A

Shape size, relative position, and the properties of space

71
Q

What is kinematics?

A

The study of motion positions, velocity and acceleration of body parts without regard to the forces that caused the movement

72
Q

What are effective degrees of freedom?

A

Those that are usable and functional
This knowledge aids in understanding articulatory motor control for speech sounds

73
Q

How do format affect the frequency intensity relationship?

A

1.maximum intensity increases with fundamental frequency
2. Vocal tract effect is that the value used to produce the VRP affects the overall contour of the plot.
3. Vocal tract, influenced characteristic of the VRP can be seen in the slight irregularities of the upper contour called a ripple effect.

74
Q

Singer’s formant

A

Tune vocal tract to match fundamental frequency for one or more harmonics of a sound source with the frequency of one or more format
Achieved by vocal tract adaptation while maintaining vowel quality
Enhancing the third fourth and fifth format

75
Q

How to achieve singers formant

A

Attributed to a lower larynx and increased hypopharyngeal space

76
Q

Three types of filters

A

Low pass filter
High pass filter
Band pass filter

77
Q

What are low high and band pass filters?

A

Low pass = blocks high frequency sounds
High pass = blocks low frequency sounds
Band pass: blocks frequencies above and below a specific range

78
Q

What are broadly tuned filters

A

Slow attenuation of frequencies outside of the cut off frequency

79
Q

What are sharply tuned filters

A

Fast attenuation of frequencies outside of the cut off frequency

80
Q

Cut off frequency definition

A

Defined as the frequency at which the amplitude of the frequency component is decreased by 3DB
The half PowerPoint

81
Q

Formants act as band-pass filters

A

Defined by their center frequency and bandwidth which
Also determines the formant location
Center frequency is the MID-POINT of the filter and is passed with the greatest amplitude

82
Q

Narrow bandwidth

A

Resolves frequency information well (harmonic structure)

83
Q

Wide bandwidth

A

Resolves time information well (formant structure)

84
Q

Sound spectrographpy

A

A graphic representation of the frequency and intensity of the sound pressure wave as a function of time

85
Q

Spectrogram

A

A graphic representation of the energy of the frequency component so f the speech signal as a function of time
Harmonic structure of source signal
Resonant characteristics of the vocal tract
Time is inverse of frequency on spectrogram

86
Q

Grey scale on spectrogram

A

Greater amount of energy the darker

87
Q

Narrow versus broad

A

Narrow resolves frequency
Broad resolves time

88
Q

Narrowband spectrogram

A

Lower harmonics contain more energy than higher harmonics
Harmonics that coincide with a Formant frequency are darker

89
Q

Wideband spectrogram

A

Vertical striations that represent glottal pulses (opening and closing of VF)
Increase in fundamental frequency causes the striations to move closer together due to increased glottal opening and closing

90
Q

Does formant location change with pitch?

A

No. Raising the fundamental frequency does not change the vowel. The vocal tract articulatory posture remains constant, so formant does not change.
As pitch changes, the harmonics move through the formants

91
Q

Systematic relationship among formants for front vowels

A

F1 & F2 far apart
F2 & F3 close together

92
Q

Systematic relationship among formants for back vowels

A

F1 & F2 close together
F2 & F3 further apart

93
Q

Diphthong spectrogram features

A

Greater movement of F2
No steady state

94
Q

Central vowels and rhotic with spectrogram

A

Frequency of F3 is quite low
Makes it difficult to distinguish b/w F2 and F3

95
Q

What is long-term average spectrum (LTAS)

A

An averaging of the spectral energy over a
Window of a specified duration
Of a sustained vowel production

96
Q

What is harmonics to noise ratio (HNR)

A

ratio of the energy in FF and harmonics
To the energy in the aperiodic/noise component of the speech signal
As averaged over a number of cycles
20 is average, below 20 vocal pathology

97
Q

What are cepstral measures

A

Jitter, shimmer, HNR
Time based measures
in moderate to severe dysphonia these measures may not be reliable b/c
Identification of cycle boundaries is difficult

98
Q

Cepstral measures

A

Do not rely on id of individual vibratory cycles
Spectral based method of cepstral analysis
Using Fourier transform of the power spectrum
Shows the extent to which FF and harmonics structure stand out from background noise

99
Q

Cepstral peak prominence (CPP)

A

Correlates with perception of breathiness and abnormal voice quality
Dominant cepstral peak

100
Q

Purpose of vocal tract imaging

A

Provide information about articulatory dynamics and positioning
I’d tongue position in relation to production - formant frequencies
Provide info about perceptual vowel space

101
Q

Considerations of imaging instrumentation

A

Subject safety
Clarity of images
Time required to obtain images
Ability to obtain dynamic images

102
Q

Non-invasive techniques

A

CAT scan - scan thin sections
MRI - radiofrequency waves and strong magnetic field to image structures of body
Ultrasound

103
Q

Invasive techniques

A

Endoscopic and/or stroboscopic exam of VF vibration

104
Q

Axial CAT scan

A

At level of 4th cervical vertebra
Bone is white
Soft tissues are gray
Air is black

105
Q

Glossopharyngeal CN IX (9)

A

Innervates tongue root
Sensory

106
Q

Hypoglossal CN XII (12)`

A

Sensory for rest of tongue
Motor

Speech And Hearing Science (12 decks)

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