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Speech And Hearing Science > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is speech motor control?

A

How we convert communicative intent into an utterance

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2
Q

Why is the idea of a sequential, linear process inadequate for explaining speech production?

A

It oversimplifies the complex phenomenon of speech production

Speech production is an interactive processing of its constituent components.

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3
Q

What are the main subsystems involved in speech motor control?

A
  • Respiratory
  • Phonatory
  • Resonatory
  • Articulatory

These subsystems work together to facilitate speech production.

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4
Q

What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?

A

A hypothesis has a narrow focus, while a theory is a broad set of statements explaining a complex phenomenon

Theories are based on validated research hypotheses.

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5
Q

How do good theories function in the context of new information?

A

They are dynamic and can be revised and updated with new information

This adaptability is essential for the development of scientific understanding.

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6
Q

True or False: Theories are static and do not change over time.

A

False

Good theories are dynamic and evolve with new research findings.

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7
Q

Fill in the blank: A theory describes a complex phenomenon by _______.

A

[interpreting facts
in an integrated manner]

This integration helps in understanding the broader context of the phenomenon.

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8
Q

What role do theories play in research?

A

They explain existing data and guide new research directions

Theories help in identifying gaps and formulating new research hypotheses.

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9
Q

What is a model?

A

Is a way to simplify and explain a complex system or process.

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10
Q

How do models differ from theories?

A

Models approximate real-world systems
in their most essential variables
produce a certain output, unlike theories.

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11
Q

What are the types of models?

A

Models can be conceptual, computational, simulations, physical structures, or theoretical constructs.

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12
Q

Can models be based on experimental data?

A

Yes, models can be based on data from animal-based experimentation.

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13
Q

What are some theoretical issues for consideration?

A

Degrees of Freedom, Motor Programs, Output Targets, Serial Ordering and Sensory Feedback, Unit of Analysis, Dynamic Systems, Spatiotemporal Organization, Coarticulation.

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14
Q

What is Occam’s Razor?

A

Occam’s Razor is a principle for scientific investigation and proposing theories and models.

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15
Q

What does Occam’s Razor suggest about explanations?

A

Simpler explanations are preferred over more complex ones.

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16
Q

What are degrees of freedom in speech motor control?

A

Degrees of freedom refer to the many potential ways in which the articulators can move.

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17
Q

What is the difference between potential and effective degrees of freedom?

A

Potential degrees of freedom are greater than effective degrees of freedom, which are the actual number of ways the articulators move when speaking.

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18
Q

What is the issue in the theory of speech motor control?

A

The issue is how multiple potential degrees of freedom can be constrained to a lesser number of degrees of freedom.

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19
Q

What controls the potential degrees of freedom?

A

Theoretically, it could be controlled by:
- The target output
- Dynamic systems theory - functional groupings working in coordination
- Control by hierarchical organization
- The cerebral cortex governs lower neurological levels using feedback and feed-forward control

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20
Q

What is a motor program?

A

pre-structured set of central commands
capable of carrying out movement.

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21
Q

What are the two levels of motor systems proposed?

A

The two levels of motor systems are:
- The executive level: Information processing stage
where complex movements are
selected, organized, and initiated.
- The effector level: neuromuscular system that controls and executes movements.

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22
Q

What is the role of sensory feedback in motor programs?

A

Sensory feedback is integral to motor programs.

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23
Q

What are some problems with motor programs theory?

A

Problems include:
- Neural storage space for so many programs
- Does not account for novel movements

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24
Q

How is speech motor control conceptualized?

A

as a targeted plan of action
aimed at specific outputs.

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25
Q

What are theorized output targets in speech motor control?

A

Theorized output targets include:
- Acoustic targets
- Articulatory gestures
- Aerodynamic pressures

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26
Q

What are acoustic targets?

A

The goal of articulator movements may be a specific acoustic event.

Limitations in acoustic feedback (such as hearing impairment), proving support for this theory.

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27
Q

What are articulatory gestures?

A

Auditory goal that has one or more vocal tract gestures.

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28
Q

What is aerodynamic stability?

A

The maintenance of stable or target air pressures for speech motor control

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29
Q

What is sensory feedback?

A

Transfer of a portion of the output based on regulation and error correction tests. Sensory feedback is essential to all aspects of human activity.

Primarily auditory and somatosensory modalities; visual has a lesser role.

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30
Q

What are the two types of feedback control loops?

A

Open feedback loop: Controller is an outside agent, independent of future reference. No direct feedback
Closed feedback loop: the controlling action is dependent on the output. Feedback is a portion of the output. Returned to system and becomes part of the output

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31
Q

What is the feed-forward model in speech production?

A

Adjustments made at the periphery of the system
- to the actual articulatory gestures.

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32
Q

How does the feed-forward model handle errors?

A

It allows for rapid correction of errors without waiting for the feedback system to judge accuracy.

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33
Q

Is the feed-forward model a feedback model?

A

No, it does not rely on feedback from external auditory or somatosensory systems.

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34
Q

What is optimal for minimizing errors in speech production?

A

Combining feed-forward and feedback
minimizing errors and making rapid corrections.

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35
Q

What does the data analysis based on unit specification involve?

A

Coordinating and sequencing articulator movements
using waveform and kinematic data from x-ray microbeam instrumentation.

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36
Q

What does the segmented data demonstrate?

A

underlying kinematic activity of
single point on the tongue

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37
Q

How does the movement of the tongue correspond to waveform segmentation?

A

The movement does not closely correspond

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38
Q

What is the unit of analysis in speech motor control?

A

Specification of the basic unit
That will be coordinated and controlled

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39
Q

What types of units may be analyzed in speech production?

A

Units may be sounds, syllables, words, or gestures.

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40
Q

What has research examined regarding speech units?

A

how units are coordinated and sequenced over time.

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41
Q

What is the role of the mandible during speech?

A

major regulator of oral cavity opening during speech.

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42
Q

What occurs during mouth opening?

A

The jaw rotates downward and translates downward and forward.

43
Q

What are the muscles involved in the movements of the mandible?

A

Temporalis, External (lateral) pterygoid muscle, Internal (medial) pterygoid muscle, and Masseter.

44
Q

How many possible degrees of freedom does the mandible have?

A

Six possible degrees of freedom: three rotational and three translational.

45
Q

What are the effective degrees of freedom during speech?

A

Four effective degrees of freedom during speech.

46
Q

What are the types of movements of the mandible?

A

Roll, Lateral, Pitch, Horizontal, and Yaw.

47
Q

What is coarticulation?

A

The adjustment of articulator movements to target more than one speech sound simultaneously.

48
Q

What does coarticulation reflect?

A

influence of neighboring speech sounds
and the temporal coordination of multiple articulators.

49
Q

What do biomechanical properties of the articulators ?

A

constrain movement velocities, amplitudes, and coordination of timing.

50
Q

Do children under 12 demonstrate spatial temporal patterns similar to adults?

A

Yes, but not as stable as in adults.

51
Q

When does maturation of speech motor control occur?

A

Maturation occurs well into adolescence.

52
Q

What did Schmidt (1975) state about sound production learning?

A

Children, as well as adults,
learn novel sound production
through motor programs composed of schemata.

53
Q

What are schemata in the context of speech motor control?

A

‘schemes’ for learning the relationships between articulator movement, feedback information, and acoustic outcomes.

54
Q

How are schemata enhanced?

A

through repetition.

55
Q

What role does sensory information play in speech motor control?

A

Sensory information is critical to acquiring speech motor control.

56
Q

What is the Dynamical Systems approach to speech production?

A

based on nonlinear dynamics.

57
Q

What is the primary objective of the Dynamical Systems model?

A

To simplify the higher order control of the especially freedom system to a few useful (effective) degrees of freedom.

58
Q

timing of movements of articulators is what

A

Intrinsic characteristic of the relationship
Among different muscles for
A given moment

59
Q

What is a strength of the Dynamical Systems model?

A

It accounts for the biomechanical properties of different articulators and the different combinations of muscle activation patterns.

60
Q

What does DIVA stand for?

A

Directions Into Velocities of Articulators.

61
Q

What type of model is DIVA?

A

It is a computational and neuroanatomic model.

62
Q

What does the DIVA model describe?

A

A network of regions of the brain that regulate acquisition and production of speech.

63
Q

What research method was used to develop the DIVA model?

A

The DIVA model was developed using functional MRI (fMRI) research.

64
Q

Why is the DIVA model popular?

A

It is popular for its ability to explain the neurological basis for speech sound production.

65
Q

What does spatiotemporal organization explain?

A

It explains how the articulators move in space and time.

66
Q

What does spatiotemporal dynamics describe?

A

The movement of the articulators relative to some frame of reference.

67
Q

What is the spatial dimension in spatiotemporal organization?

A

The path related to the sequence of positions in space occupied by the articulator.

68
Q

What is the temporal dimension in spatiotemporal organization?

A

The component of movement included in the trajectory.

69
Q

What is a trajectory in the context of spatiotemporal organization?

A

The timing of the sequence of positions.

70
Q

What is spatiotemporal organization?

A

Spatiotemporal organization presents a theoretical problem due to the difficulty reconciling different spatial reference frames for each articulator.

71
Q

What are the differences in articulator movement?

A

Each articulator moves in different ways, such as the differences in movement of the tongue and mandible.

72
Q

What do connectionist models propose?

A

Connectionist models propose a nonlinear, nonhierarchical set of components.

73
Q

What is the result of linguistic processing in connectionist models?

A

Linguistic processing is the result of various elements connected and interacting together, resulting in simultaneous information processing.

74
Q

What does each input layer node represent in connectionist models?

A

Each input layer node represents a feature.

75
Q

What does the activation of the input node represent?

A

The activation of the input node represents a value of the feature.

76
Q

What does the pattern of node activations represent?

A

The pattern of node activations represents a higher-level entity.

77
Q

What are the activation values of each node?

A

Each node has an activation value of 1 (presence) or 0 (absence) for a specific feature.

78
Q

What is the spatiotemporal index (STI)?

A

The STI is a measure of consistency of movement across ten repetitions of an utterance.

79
Q

How is the STI calculated?

A

The sum of the standard deviation (SD) for displacement of 10 data points at 50 equally spaced points is the STI.

80
Q

What does the STI measure?

A

The STI does not differentiate between temporal and spatial variability but gives a measure of the degree that multiple repetitions are the same or different.

81
Q

What is a key consideration in research design for motor speech control studies?

A

The research design will vary one feature systematically while keeping the other features constant.

82
Q

Why is it important to vary one feature in research?

A

The effect of the changed parameter is observed more easily without the confounding effects of other possible changes.

83
Q

What are examples of speaking tasks used in research?

A

Examples include nonsense or meaningful tasks, coarticulatory effects, complexity measures, and carrier phrases.

84
Q

What are perturbation studies?

A

Perturbation studies examine the effect of disturbances to the speech production system, which can be anticipated or unanticipated.

85
Q

What types of alterations can occur in perturbation studies?

A

Alterations can be biomechanical, acoustic, or aerodynamic.

86
Q

What are some examples of perturbation in speech production?

A

Examples include bite-block, artificial palate, sudden occlusion of the airway, and sudden mechanical perturbation to the jaw or lip.

87
Q

How are language and speech related?

A

Language and speech are wholly integrated.

88
Q

What is a key consideration in speech production?

A

The limitation of resources: an individual has finite resources that must be allocated appropriately.

89
Q

What can speech errors indicate?

A

Speech errors, such as syntactic or semantic errors, may indicate ‘failures’ in the integration of language and speech.

90
Q

What does the rate of speech refer to?

A

The rate of speech refers to the number of spoken syllables per second.

91
Q

What is the correlation between speech rate and movement velocity?

A

Increased speech rate tends to have a direct correlation with the movement velocity of orofacial structures.

92
Q

What factors does displacement depend on?

A

Displacement is dependent upon both segmental and suprasegmental features.

93
Q

What context do researchers focus on when examining speech motor control?

A

Researchers mainly focus on errors in a sensorimotor context.

94
Q

What are some models that account for speech production errors?

A

Examples include the slot-and-filler model and the syllable aton of stress patterns.

95
Q

Where do speech errors typically occur?

A

Speech errors are thought to occur in the marked or stressed segments.

96
Q

What is the frame/content theory in speech production?

A

It describes how opening and closing movements of the jaw are grounded in rhythmic oscillatory movements associated with ingestive behaviors like eating. With maturation, these cyclic movements evolve into syllable structure (frame) and segmental articulation of phonemes (content).

97
Q

What is the hybrid model in speech production?

A

It combines look-ahead and frame theories, where articulating gestures are divided into two phases: an initial low-velocity movement and a second higher velocity movement, which is the more prominent feature of the gesture.

98
Q

What does the look-ahead model explain in speech production?

A

It suggests that speech production is regulated in coarticulation by the need to preserve accurate acoustic representation of sounds. Common speech errors may be evidence of look-ahead regulation.

99
Q

Articulators gestures and speech production

A

Control signals from
Internal cognitive map
Of spatial targets
That guides articulators movements
And is associated with
Specific vocal tract configuration

100
Q

Problem with articulatory gestures theory

A

Amount of storage space

101
Q

What are important regulating factors for speech motor control

A

Aerodynamic stability and perceptual accuracy

102
Q

What are important regulating factors for speech motor control

A

Aerodynamic stability and perceptual accuracy

103
Q

Support for aerodynamic stability and perceptual accuracy

A

Studies of individuals with VP incompetence or hearing impairment

Speech And Hearing Science (11 decks)

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