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Speech And Hearing Science > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

First attempt at standardization of measures

A

1215
King John
Signed Magna Carta
Required that there be standard measures of wine, ale and wheat throughout the kingdom

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2
Q

English system of standardization

A

Foot-based off King’s foot
Pound for weight
Second for speed
Arbitrary system since based off the kings food

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3
Q

Metric system beginning

A

1799
French Academy
Standard for distance was one ten-millionth of the distance on the Earth’s surface b/w the equator and the North Pole at the longitude of Paris
Gram was also established as the mass of a cubic centimeter of water at 4 degrees Centigrade

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4
Q

Metric system

A

International system (SI) - French
MKS - meters, kilograms, seconds
Used everywhere except Great Britain and U.S.

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5
Q

Metric vs English system

A

Distance: m/ft
Volume: liters/cubic feet
Mass: kilograms/gallons, quarts, pints
Time: seconds

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6
Q

What is force?

A

A phenomenon that can produce a change in an object’s state of activity
The concept of push or pull
Unidirectional

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7
Q

Influence or effect of force on an object with mass

A

Causing a change in speed
Change in direction
Change in shape

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8
Q

How can force be identified and measured?

A

By the effect it has on an object

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9
Q

How are the movements of speech achieved?

A

By the management of forces

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10
Q

Examples of management of force on speech

A

Articulators and how they shape airflow to create phonemes
Force of airflow or managing airflow with articulators

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11
Q

What is speed

A

The relationship between distance and time
How far something travels over a period of time
Measured in miles per hour or km per hour
Speed of talking (speech rate) in syllables per minute
Magnitude of velocity

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12
Q

velocity

A

Velocity also indicates direction
Velocity has direction and magnitude (speeding up and slowing down)
Velocity is a vector - direction and magnitude

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13
Q

The speed of an object based on the magnitude of its velocity (v) is…

A

related to directionality
The rate of change of position based on a scale

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14
Q

What is uniform motion

A

Speed of an object is unchanging
When it is constant in a single direction
Foundation of Newton’s 1st law

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15
Q

What is acceleration?

A

The CHANGE in velocity as a function of time
Based on speeding up or slowing down (change in velocity is negative) AND based on direction
When velocity changes there will be acceleration

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16
Q

What do you need for Changes in velocity

A

Look at:
Combined force
Directionality

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17
Q

What is momentum?

A

the product of mass and velocity of an object
Has a magnitude and direction
Mass times velocity - kg-m/s
The greater the velocity, given a constant mass, the greater the momentum

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18
Q

Momentum describes…

A

The quality of an objects motion in terms of
How much mass
How fast (velocity) - speed and direction

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19
Q

What is vibration

A

Back and forth movement - oscillation
Measured by distance and speed of a waveform

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20
Q

Sir Isaac Newton

A

Father of modern science of mechanics
Born Jan 4, 1643, died March 31, 1727

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21
Q

What is the first law of motion

A

An object will remain in a state of rest or uniform motion (constant velocity) unless it is acted upon by an outside force

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22
Q

What is an outside force?

A

An unbalanced force as compared to constant velocity or net force
Causes a change in motion or velocity

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23
Q

Law of inertia

A

Often referred to as first law of motion
Tendency of an object to resist change in its state of motion
Inert means lacking the ability to move

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24
Q

Second law of motion

A

When a net force (unbalanced force) acts on an object, the object accelerates in the same direction as the force that acts on it, inversely proportional to the mass of the object
The larger the force, the greater the acceleration ,and the larger the mass, the smaller the acceleration
Law of acceleration

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25
Q

Equation for Newton’s second law of motion

A

Net force = mass times acceleration
F=ma

26
Q

Change in mass and force in 2nd law

A

If the MASS of an object stays the same, increasing the FORCE on the object will increase the acceleration
If the FORCE on the object stays the same, increasing the MASS of the object will decrease acceleration

27
Q

Force and acceleration are directly proportional

A

More force = more acceleration
Less force = less acceleration

28
Q

Mass and acceleration are inversely proportional

A

More mass = less acceleration
Less mass = more acceleration

29
Q

A unit of force

A

1 newton
The force needed to accelerate 1 kg mass at a rate of 1 meter per second squared in the direction of the applied force
1kg-m/s(squared)

30
Q

Newton’s 3rd law of motion

A

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
It is NOT cause and effect, it is action and reaction
Aka The law of reciprocal actions
Whenever a force is exerted upon an object, the object simultaneously exerts an equal and opposite force on whatever is applying the initial force
Think of Newton’s cradle - 1 ball then 1 ball on opposite side, 2 balls then 2 balls, etc.

31
Q

Speech production and the transfer of energy

A

Air in the lungs to vocal folds
Air in vocal tract to articulatory structures
Radiated aerodynamic energy that strikes eardrum of person listening

32
Q

What is work

A

Work is performed whenever a force is exerted over some distance
Distance has to be involved
If there is NOT motion or if the force is perpendicular to the motion then work is ZERO

33
Q

Definition of energy

A

The ability to do work

34
Q

Measurement of work

A

One joule is the amount of WORK done when you exert a force of 1 Newton through a distance of 1 meter
Force and distance
W = F x d

35
Q

What is power

A

Amount of WORK done divided by the TIME it takes to do it
The ENERGY expended divided by the TIME it takes to expend it
Unit of power is watt
Power = Force times velocity

36
Q

What is a watt

A

The expenditure of 1 joule of energy in 1 second

37
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Associated with moving objects
The energy of motion
Mass and speed of an object given its kinetic energy
Greater mass and greater speed = greater kinetic energy

38
Q

Potential energy

A

Energy that is waiting to be released

39
Q

Total energy of an object

A

Kinetic and potential energy which can change but the total cannot

40
Q

Solid matter

A

Holds its shape and volume at a given temperature independent of its container

41
Q

Liquid matter

A

Maintains a constant volume
Assumes the shape of its container
Molecules of liquid have more kinetic energy than solids

42
Q

Property of liquids important for efficient vibration of vocal folds is surface tension

A

Molecules have weak attraction to one another so each molecule has forces pulling in all directions
Molecules on the surface have no molecules pulling from above, only beside and below - this yields surface tension

43
Q

Gaseous matter

A

Does not retain shape or volume but rather expands to fill the container it is in
Molecules interact by colliding with one another

44
Q

Newton’s first law as it relates to speech

A

Newton’s first law: when an air molecule bounces off the wall of the vocal tract, the wall must have exerted a force back onto the molecule in the air. If a mass accelerates then a force must have been applied to it at the same time

45
Q

Newton’s 3rd law as it relates to speech

A

Air molecule that is moving is exerting an equal and opposite force against the wall of the vocal tract, as well as other structures such as the vocal folds and articulators
This is perceived by the speaker as air pressure

46
Q

Density

A

Depends upon the structure of the atoms from which the material is made and how closely together the atoms are packed
Amount of material packed into a given volume
Density (p) = mass/volume
g/cubic meter

47
Q

Stiffness

A

The degree to which an object resists being deformed

48
Q

Elasticity

A

The ability of an object to spring back to its resting shape when deforming forces are removed

49
Q

Hookes law

A

Change in length of a material is proportional to the force applied to it
Harder you pull on something the more it stretches

50
Q

Pressure

A

The force exerted by the collision of air molecules against the sides of a container and the resulting opposite force exerted by the container walls
Inward and outward pressure
Molecules move in all directions colliding with one another and walls - force remains equal, unless force or area changes pressure will remain the same

51
Q

Equation of pressure

A

P(pressure)=F/A(area)

52
Q

Units of measurement of pressure

A

English: pounds per square inch

53
Q

Who set the standard measurement of the meter

A

French Academy in 1799

54
Q

What is the measurement of a meter

A

Longitude of Paris
Equals one ten-millionth of the distance of the
Earths surface between
The equator and the North Pole

55
Q

Weight established in grams

A

Mass of cm3 of H2O at 4 degrees C

56
Q

What is SI

A

International System - metric system

57
Q

Metric for distance, volume, mass, time

A

Meters, liters, kilograms, seconds

58
Q

English system of distance, volume, mass, time

A

Feet, cubic feet, gallons/quart/pints, except soft drinks (L), seconds

59
Q

Forces Influence or effect on an object with mass

A

Causing a change in speed
Change in direction
Change in shape

60
Q

Forces Influence or effect on an object with mass

A

Causing a change in speed
Change in direction
Change in shape

61
Q

Newton’s 3 laws of motion

A

Law of intertia
Law of acceleration
Law of reciprocal actions

Speech And Hearing Science (11 decks)

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