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Speech And Hearing Science > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

At what rate are all languages spoken?

A

About the same rate, between 8-12 phonemes per second

This rate is consistent across different languages.

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2
Q

What is speech production described as?

A

A continuous sequence
of articulatory gestures
in the vocal tract
flowing from one segment to the next.

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3
Q

What is required for a listener to understand a rapid incoming speech signal?

A

perceive discontinuities or breaks in the flow of speech sounds

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4
Q

What is psychophysics?

A

The study of the relationship between the physical properties of a stimulus and the sensation response

It explores how physical stimuli are perceived and interpreted.

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5
Q

What is pitch in relation to frequency?

A

Pitch is the perceptual correlate of frequency

It refers to how high or low a sound is perceived.

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6
Q

How does intensity affect pitch?

A

Higher intensity can influence the perception of pitch.

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7
Q

What is loudness in relation to intensity?

A

Loudness is the perceptual correlate of intensity

It describes how loud a sound is perceived.

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8
Q

How does frequency affect loudness?

A

Different frequencies can be perceived as having different loudness.

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9
Q

What is the difference between volume and loudness?

A

Volume is NOT a perceptual correlate; it is an audio control

Volume refers to the adjustable level of sound output on devices.

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10
Q

Fill in the blank: _______ is an audio control on devices like a TV or computer.

A

[Volume]

It is commonly referred to as a knob for adjusting sound.

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11
Q

What is the relationship between hearing sensitivity and frequency?

A

Hearing sensitivity is frequency dependent

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12
Q

How do two pressure waves at different frequencies with the same dB level compare in terms of loudness perception?

A

They will be perceived as having different loudness levels

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13
Q

What is the minimal difference in intensity between two sounds at the same dB level that can be perceived as different loudness levels (JND)?

A

About 1 dB for soft sounds at 30-40 dB in low to midrange frequencies

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14
Q

What is the JND for loud sounds?

A

About one-third to one-half dB

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15
Q

What psychoacoustic scale is used for measuring intensity?

A

Phon Scale

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16
Q

What is the reference frequency for the phon scale?

A

1000 Hz pure tone

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17
Q

A 1000 Hz pure tone is equal to how many phons?

A

60 phons

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18
Q

What does it mean when the 60 phon line is described as equally loud?

A

It is equally loud across all frequencies as a 1000 Hz tone at 60 dB

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19
Q

How does the human ear’s sensitivity vary across frequencies?

A

The human ear is less sensitive at lower frequencies

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20
Q

Fill in the blank: The minimal difference in intensity perceived in soft sounds at low to midrange frequencies is _______.

A

1 dB

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21
Q

True or False: The phon scale is an objective measure of loudness.

A

False

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22
Q

What is the Sone Scale?

A

A psychoacoustic scale for intensity based on loudness.

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23
Q

What is the range of phóns used in the Sone Scale?

A

About 40 to 100 phóns.

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24
Q

How was the Sone Scale developed?

A

By asking people to subjectively judge when a sound doubled in loudness relative to a 1000 Hz tone at 40 dB.

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25
Q

What loudness level is referenced as one sone?

A

A 1000 Hz tone at 40 dB.

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26
Q

What is the increase of sones for every 10 dB increase?

A

An increase of one sone.

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27
Q

True or False: Every increase of 10 dB corresponds to an increase of two sones.

A

False

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28
Q

What is the relationship between phóns and sones in the Sone Scale?

A

As phóns increase, the number of sones doubles for each 10 dB increase.

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29
Q

At which frequencies can we perceive smaller differences?

A

At lower frequencies.

This suggests that our auditory system is more attuned to changes in pitch when the frequencies are lower.

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30
Q

Which frequency comparison is easy to locate?

A

120 Hz vs. 220 Hz.

This indicates that the difference in pitch is easily perceptible at lower frequencies.

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31
Q

Which frequency comparison is difficult to perceive?

A

1000 Hz vs. 1100 Hz.

This demonstrates that as frequencies increase, it becomes more challenging to detect differences in pitch.

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32
Q

How many tones are in the Western chromatic musical scale?

A

12 tones

Each tone is separated by a semitone.

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33
Q

What is a semitone?

A

One-half step, the smallest distance or interval between two pitches

Semitones are essential in defining the chromatic scale.

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34
Q

Define the term ‘tone’ in music.

A

A whole step, which is two semitones

Tones are larger intervals than semitones.

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35
Q

What is an octave?

A

An interval between one musical pitch and another with double its frequency

Octaves are fundamental in music, representing a complete cycle of pitches.

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36
Q

True or False: The chromatic scale consists of notes that are all a whole tone apart.

A

False

The chromatic scale consists of notes that are a semitone apart.

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37
Q

What is nonlinear perception of pitch?

A

Greater sensitivity to differences between lower pitches compared to higher pitches

This indicates how humans perceive pitch in a nonlinear manner.

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38
Q

How many semitones are in an octave?

A

12 semitones

An octave represents a doubling of frequency.

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39
Q

What does invariance refer to in speech perception?

A

The property of remaining constant or unchanged

Invariance is significant in understanding speech sounds.

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40
Q

What does a lack of invariance imply?

A

Not constant, subject to change

It indicates variability in acoustic features and formant patterns.

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41
Q

What can cause a lack of acoustic-phonetic invariance?

A

Coarticulation and suprasegmental (prosodic) effects

These factors lead to changes in perceived consonants.

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42
Q

Is there a one-to-one relationship between acoustic features and perceived consonants?

A

No

The relationship is not fixed, leading to variability in perception.

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43
Q

Why is identifying the unit of analysis important in speech perception theories?

A

It is crucial for understanding communication between speaker and listener

The unit of analysis helps in transferring bits of information representing phoneme features.

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44
Q

What needs to happen to the bits of information in the acoustic signal?

A

They need to be chunked or encoded

This process increases efficiency in perception.

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45
Q

What is an example of encoding features in speech?

A

Encoding features into phonemes, which are then encoded into syllables

This helps manage the information overload during processing.

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46
Q

Can the acoustic waveform be segmented using purely acoustic criteria?

A

Yes

This includes events such as formant transitions and noise bursts.

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47
Q

Does segmentation of the waveform using acoustic criteria consistently relate to listener perception?

A

No

Listener perception may differ from acoustic segmentation.

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48
Q

What is a unique feature of the onglide formant pattern?

A

It is unique for each vowel

Different vowels exhibit distinct onglide formant patterns.

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49
Q

What acoustic cues lead to the perception of the plosive /d/?

A

Variability in onglide formant patterns and VOT

Despite different cues, all plosives are perceived as /d/.

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50
Q

What is perceptual normalization?

A

The process of simplifying or smoothing out unnecessary variability in an acoustic signal

This process enhances efficient comprehension.

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51
Q

What factors can listeners use to identify individual speakers?

A
  • Age and gender of the speaker
  • Emotional intent of speaker
  • Semantically important parts of an utterance

These factors are identified suprasegmentally.

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52
Q

What must listeners do for efficient comprehension in speech?

A

Use and ignore variability in the speech signal

This helps listeners effectively process spoken language.

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53
Q

What causes variability among speakers?

A
  • Differences in physical properties of the larynx and vocal tract
  • Age and gender of the speaker
  • Habits of articulation
  • Suprasegmental features like speaking rate

These factors contribute to the normalization process.

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54
Q

True or False: When told that what we’re hearing is not speech, we typically perceive speech sounds.

A

False

The perception of sounds can be influenced by contextual information.

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55
Q

What is debated regarding speech perception?

A

Whether it involves specialized, uniquely human neural processes

This question explores the nature of speech recognition mechanisms.

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56
Q

Fill in the blank: Normalization is the process of _______ unnecessary variability in an acoustic signal.

A

smoothing out

This helps in achieving more efficient comprehension.

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57
Q

What level has research primarily focused on in perception?

A

The segmental level

However, the suprasegmental level is also crucial in normalization.

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58
Q

What is a key goal of perceptual normalization?

A

More efficient comprehension

This goal drives the normalization of variability in speech signals.

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59
Q

What is duplex perception?

A

The simultaneous perception of nonspeech and speech stimuli extracted from segments of the speech signal

Defined by Rand in 1974

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60
Q

Give an example of duplex perception.

A

Two syllables that differ by only a single acoustic cue, such as /da/ and /ga/

The example highlights the critical difference in the transition of F3

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61
Q

What does the base sound represent in duplex perception?

A

The same sound for both syllables, which does not sound specifically like one or the other

The base is an isolated component

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62
Q

What occurs during a dichotic listening task in duplex perception?

A

The listener hears the chirp in one ear and the ambiguous base sound in the other

This setup aids in studying the perception of speech versus nonspeech sounds

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63
Q

What do listeners perceive in duplex perception?

A

The chirp and either /da/ or /ga/ as a complete syllable

Perception depends on the onset frequency of the F3

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64
Q

True or False: Speech perception takes precedence over nonspeech perception.

A

True

This suggests that meaningful sounds like speech are prioritized

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65
Q

Fill in the blank: Duplex perception suggests that _______ sounds take precedence over non-speech sounds.

A

meaningful

This highlights the importance of speech in auditory perception

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66
Q

What is the McGurk Effect?

A

The incongruity between visual and auditory stimuli resulting in a unique speech sound perceived

The effect demonstrates how visual information can influence auditory perception.

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67
Q

What does the McGurk Effect support?

A

The theory of a unique mechanism for the perception of speech

It suggests that speech perception may involve specialized processes.

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68
Q

Is there a consensus on the existence of specialized perception for speech sounds?

A

There is debate both ways

Some researchers argue for specialized mechanisms, while others suggest more general auditory processes.

69
Q

What is the Contextual Effect in speech perception?

A

Perception can be influenced by contextual information

Contextual cues can alter how listeners interpret sounds.

70
Q

What does sinewave speech consist of?

A

Spectral content along the frequencies of the formants previously

It produces unnatural-sounding utterances that can still be understood in context.

71
Q

What was a significant finding from the sinewave speech study?

A

Listeners can understand the sinewave utterances accurately when told they are listening to real speech

This finding shifted research focus in speech perception.

72
Q

What was the shift in focus in speech perception research due to the sinewave speech findings?

A

From identifying phonetic perceptual cues to more global features

This broadened the understanding of how speech is perceived.

73
Q

What is a gating task?

A

A task used to demonstrate the effect of context on perceptual recognition of words

It involves presenting word fragments of increasing length.

74
Q

In a gating task, what is presented to listeners?

A

Word fragments of progressively increasing length (of 50 ms each)

This method tests how context aids in word recognition.

75
Q

How long does it take to identify a word in a semantically meaningful context?

A

Approximately 1/5 of a second

This indicates the efficiency of context in speech processing.

76
Q

Fill in the blank: The results of Remez et al.’s study helped shift the focus of speech perception research from identifying underlying phonetic cues to _______.

A

more global features

This reflects a change in understanding speech processing.

77
Q

True or False: The sinewave speech study showed that listeners cannot understand unnatural-sounding utterances without context.

A

False

Listeners can understand these utterances when informed about the context.

78
Q

In speech perception theories, what do active theories emphasize?

A

The role of cognition in speech perception

Active theories suggest that cognitive processes are crucial for interpreting speech.

79
Q

What do passive theories presume about speech perception?

A

A more automatic perceptual response with less emphasis on cognition

Passive theories imply that speech perception can occur without significant cognitive involvement.

80
Q

What characterizes autonomous theories of speech perception?

A

Perceptual processing occurs in the absence of external data

Autonomous theories operate as closed systems.

81
Q

What is a key feature of interactive theories in speech perception?

A

They access data external to the acoustic signal

Interactive theories suggest that context and knowledge influence perception.

82
Q

What does the bottom-up approach to speech perception entail?

A

The acoustic signal provides essential and sufficient information for direct perceptual recognition

This approach is data-driven and does not require additional cognitive input.

83
Q

What is the top-down approach in speech perception?

A

Higher level information from contextual, linguistic, and cognitive cues is needed for accurate speech perception

This approach relies on prior knowledge to interpret the acoustic signal.

84
Q

What does the speech perception and word recognition theory propose?

A

Speech perception is not just matching or storing abstract linguistic units

It involves recognizing words in relation to contextual knowledge about similar-sounding words.

85
Q

Fill in the blank: Theories of speech perception can be categorized based on _______.

A

[group attributes]

Group attributes provide a framework for organizing different theories.

86
Q

True or False: No theory of speech perception is complete within itself.

A

True

All theories rely to some extent on the acoustic signal for speech perception.

87
Q

What is the Motor Theory of Speech Perception?

A

Speech perception is based upon invariant articulatory gestures

This theory posits that understanding speech involves recognizing the motor commands used in speech production.

88
Q

What role do motor commands play in speech perception according to the Motor Theory?

A

They are used as the units of perception

Listeners access their knowledge of speech production to perceive spoken language.

89
Q

What is a key feature of the Motor Theory of Speech Perception?

A

Biological specialization of speech perception

This suggests that humans have evolved specific mechanisms for perceiving speech.

90
Q

What are Acoustic Landmarks and Distinctive Features in speech perception?

A

Words are represented as a sequence of segments, each consisting of binary distinctive features

This model emphasizes the importance of specific acoustic cues in understanding speech.

91
Q

How does perception work according to the Acoustic Landmarks model?

A

Perception is based upon landmark detections using points of minimal and maximal change

This refers to identifying significant acoustic changes in speech.

92
Q

What are the three key features of the Motor Theory of Speech Perception?

A
  1. Biological specialization of speech perception
  2. Lack of invariant acoustic features
  3. Analysis-by-synthesis
93
Q

What is a criticism of the Motor Theory of Speech Perception?

A

Little empirical evidence to support the theory

Critics argue that there is insufficient data to validate the claims made by the theory.

94
Q

What are the three sets of landmarks used in the Acoustic Landmarks model?

A
  • Vocalics
  • Glides
  • Consonantals

Each set has specific acoustic characteristics that contribute to speech perception.

95
Q

What do Vocalics represent in the Acoustic Landmarks model?

A

The frequency and amplitude of F1

Vocalics pertain to the characteristics of vowel sounds.

96
Q

What are Glides characterized by in the Acoustic Landmarks model?

A

The F1 profile and reduction in amplitude

Glides are transitional sounds that connect vowels and consonants.

97
Q

How are Consonants identified in the Acoustic Landmarks model?

A
  • Continuants
  • Sonorants
  • Stridents

Consonants are classified based on their acoustic properties and energy distribution.

98
Q

What is a criticism regarding the analysis-by-synthesis mechanism in the Motor Theory?

A

Specific mechanisms have not been clearly described

This points to a lack of clarity in how this analysis process functions in practice.

99
Q

True or False: The Iterative calculations of analysis-by-synthesis are considered efficient.

A

False

Critics argue that this process is inherently inefficient and slow.

100
Q

What is the Direct Realist Theory of speech perception?

A

Perception consists of a single step from the acoustic signal to the percept

The percept is what the listener hears, not the actual acoustic event.

101
Q

What does the term ‘percept’ refer to in speech perception?

A

What the listener hears (the object), not the actual acoustic event

It contrasts with the actual acoustic signal.

102
Q

What is a strength of the Direct Realist Theory?

A

Places speech perception within the larger theories of general sensory perceptions

This integration can enhance understanding of speech perception.

103
Q

What is a criticism of the Direct Realist Theory?

A

Lack of empirical support

This indicates insufficient experimental evidence to validate the theory.

104
Q

What does the TRACE model represent?

A

A connectionist network model of speech perception and lexical perception

It emphasizes the interaction of different levels of speech processing.

105
Q

What are the three interactive levels of speech units in the TRACE model?

A
  • Features
  • Phonemes
  • Words

Each level consists of processing units known as nodes.

106
Q

What types of nodes are included at the feature level in the TRACE model?

A
  • Voicing
  • Lip rounding

These features contribute to the identification of phonemes.

107
Q

How do nodes in the TRACE model interact?

A

Certain groups of nodes share excitatory activation

This interaction facilitates the processing of speech units.

108
Q

What happens when activated features occur in the TRACE model?

A

They lead to the activation of related phonemes

This chain reaction continues up to the word level.

109
Q

Fill in the blank: The TRACE model includes a connectionist network that operates at three levels: features, ______, and words.

A

[phonemes]

110
Q

What does the TRACE model represent in speech perception?

A

A process of multiple stages involving one-to-many and many-to-one mappings

The TRACE model emphasizes the complex interactions in speech perception.

111
Q

What role do feed-forward and feedback connections play in the TRACE model?

A

They help to stabilize processing

These connections contribute to how speech sounds are interpreted.

112
Q

What is a criticism of the TRACE model?

A

Only a limited set of features is implemented

This limitation raises questions about the model’s applicability to real-world speech perception.

113
Q

What types of speech variability might the TRACE model struggle to account for?

A

Different types of voices and speaking rates

Variability in speech can present challenges for models like TRACE.

114
Q

The TRACE model involves which two types of connections?

A
  • Feed-forward connections
  • Feedback connections

These connections are crucial for understanding speech processing dynamics.

115
Q

True or False: The TRACE model is universally accepted without criticisms.

A

False

Critics point out limitations in feature implementation and variability handling.

116
Q

Fill in the blank: The TRACE model is primarily concerned with _______ and _______.

A

phonemes and words

These elements are central to the speech perception process described by the TRACE model.

117
Q

What is cohort/word-recognition theory based on?

A

Perception of the beginning of an input word,
All the words in memory with the same word-initial
Acoustic features (the cohort)
Are activated

118
Q

What is the Cohort/Word-Recognition Theory?

A

A theory that explains how semantic and grammatical features narrow down word selection during speech perception

Proposed by Marslen-Wilson in 1980 and 1987.

119
Q

What happens to members of the cohort that are no longer consistent with the input?

A

They drop out of the cohort

This process continues until a single word is identified.

120
Q

What is the recognition/uniqueness point?

A

The point at which a word diverges from all other members of the cohort

It is a critical moment in the word recognition process.

121
Q

What is the primary methodology for infant perception research?

A

Assessing reactions to auditory stimuli

This involves presenting two auditory stimuli and observing differential reactions.

122
Q

What does it suggest when an infant reacts differently to two stimuli?

A

The infant distinguishes between the two stimuli

This indicates perceptual capabilities in infants.

123
Q

What are some advantages of researching infant speech perception?

A

Accessing the ‘pure’ speech perception system

Infant research is not influenced by adult knowledge of syntax, semantics, or pragmatics.

124
Q

What is assumed about the infant’s perceptual system?

A

It is the same as the core perceptual system of adults

However, this may not be true as infants’ perceptual systems are still developing.

125
Q

At what age can infants perceive differences between speech sounds?

A

As young as one month

This indicates the early development of speech perception abilities.

126
Q

By what age can infants discriminate basic contrasts in their native language?

A

By 4 months of age

This suggests innate perceptual mechanisms are at play.

127
Q

What happens to infants’ ability to discriminate nonnative phonemic contrasts with continued exposure to a dominant language?

A

Their ability decreases

This indicates that language exposure can shape perceptual abilities.

128
Q

What do infants manage in the speech signal?

A

Inherent variability including changes in pitch contour, voice quality, and rate

This indicates a sophisticated level of perceptual processing.

129
Q

What does the Native Language Magnet Theory - Expanded (NLM-e) describe?

A

How an infant’s innate linguistic skills and early language experiences produce a language-specific pattern of speech perception

The NLM-e emphasizes the role of early exposure in shaping speech perception.

130
Q

What are the basic principles of the NLM-e?

A

The phonetic categories of one’s native language are organized as prototypes

Prototypes help in distinguishing relevant speech sounds.

131
Q

What role do prototypes or perceptual magnets play in speech perception?

A

They facilitate distinguishing relevant sounds and retonize irrelevant distinctions close to the prototype

This helps infants focus on important distinctions near category boundaries.

132
Q

How do social interactions influence early language learning?

A

Social interaction plays a significant role in phonetic learning through language exposure

This emphasizes the importance of communication in language development.

133
Q

What connection does speech perception have with later language production?

A

Early phonetic perception abilities are related to later language production

This suggests a developmental progression in language skills.

134
Q

How do distributional patterns and infant-directed language contribute to language acquisition?

A

They contribute to acquiring the sound inventory of a given language

This is influenced by the frequency of occurrence of phonemes in interactions.

135
Q

What is the impact of early exposure to a second language on phoneme acquisition?

A

It does not cause significant interference in phoneme acquisition

However, acquiring multiple native phonemes may take longer.

136
Q

What is a strength of the NLM-e?

A

It accounts for native language exposure as the basis for both production and perception

This highlights the foundational role of early language experiences.

137
Q

What is a criticism of the NLM-e?

A

There is a lack of a generic prototype

This raises questions about the consistency of vowel production across different speakers.

138
Q

Fill in the blank: The perception-production connection is built _______.

A

[developmentally]

This indicates that language skills develop in stages.

139
Q

What does the Native Language Magnet Theory - Expanded (NLM-e) describe?

A

How an infant’s innate linguistic skills and early language experiences produce a language-specific pattern of speech perception

The NLM-e emphasizes the role of early exposure in shaping speech perception.

140
Q

What are the basic principles of the NLM-e?

A

The phonetic categories of one’s native language are organized as prototypes

Prototypes help in distinguishing relevant speech sounds.

141
Q

What role do prototypes or perceptual magnets play in speech perception?

A

They facilitate distinguishing relevant sounds and retonize irrelevant distinctions close to the prototype

This helps infants focus on important distinctions near category boundaries.

142
Q

How do social interactions influence early language learning?

A

Social interaction plays a significant role in phonetic learning through language exposure

This emphasizes the importance of communication in language development.

143
Q

What connection does speech perception have with later language production?

A

Early phonetic perception abilities are related to later language production

This suggests a developmental progression in language skills.

144
Q

How do distributional patterns and infant-directed language contribute to language acquisition?

A

They contribute to acquiring the sound inventory of a given language

This is influenced by the frequency of occurrence of phonemes in interactions.

145
Q

What is the impact of early exposure to a second language on phoneme acquisition?

A

It does not cause significant interference in phoneme acquisition

However, acquiring multiple native phonemes may take longer.

146
Q

What is a strength of the NLM-e?

A

It accounts for native language exposure as the basis for both production and perception

This highlights the foundational role of early language experiences.

147
Q

What is a criticism of the NLM-e?

A

There is a lack of a generic prototype

This raises questions about the consistency of vowel production across different speakers.

148
Q

Fill in the blank: The perception-production connection is built _______.

A

[developmentally]

This indicates that language skills develop in stages.

149
Q

What type of information does speech communicate about a speaker?

A

Evidence about personal characteristics

This includes factors such as native language and geographical region.

150
Q

What is considered extralinguistic or indexical information?

A

Evidence of a speaker’s identity

This information stems from sociolinguistic factors.

151
Q

List the sociolinguistic factors that contribute to indexical properties.

A
  • Region of origin
  • Social status
  • Gender
  • Race
  • Ethnicity
152
Q

What anatomical/physiological characteristics may contribute to indexical information?

A
  • Age
  • Vocal characteristics (pitch, resonance, voice quality)
153
Q

How accurately can listeners judge a speaker’s sex?

A

With a high degree of accuracy

This is based on anatomical/physiological characteristics and sociolinguistic factors.

154
Q

How accurate are listeners in judging a speaker’s gender?

A

Often inaccurate

This occurs even when using the same characteristics and factors as for sex.

155
Q

What is accent judged by?

A

How closely an individual’s speech approximates that of a native speaker

156
Q

What factors influence listener judgments of accentedness?

A
  • Anatomical/physiological characteristics
  • Sociolinguistic factors
157
Q

What contributes to the perception of accentedness?

A

Learned behaviors acquired through interactions and experiences

158
Q

Define gender in relation to speaker identity.

A

The personal expression of sexual identity

Gender is becoming more fluid, moving from a binary perspective to a continuum.

159
Q

What listener-based factors influence the perception of accentedness?

A
  • Language background
  • Experience of the listener
  • Semantic content of the message
  • Lexical frequency of spoken content
  • Background noise levels
  • Speaking rate
160
Q

Fill in the blank: Very slow and very fast speaking rates are associated with greater _______.

A

accentedness

161
Q

What sociopolitical factors influence the judgment of accentedness?

A
  • Visual appearance of the speaker
  • Attitude toward the speaker’s language
162
Q

True or False: Some accents are perceived as having more prestige than others.

A

True

163
Q

What is the relationship between ethnic faces and perceived accentedness?

A

More ethnic faces are judged to have greater accentedness than faces appearing from a similar background as the listener.

164
Q

What are the acoustic features used to determine race and ethnicity of a speaker?

A

Formant structure, voice onset time, phonological patterns

These features are analyzed to make assumptions about a speaker’s racial or ethnic background.

165
Q

True or False: Learned sociocultural perceptions are always accurate in determining the race and ethnicity of a speaker.

A

False

Sociocultural perceptions can often be inaccurate.

166
Q

Since race is no longer based on ancestry and genetics, what should perceptual features identify?

A

Learned cultural features, dialectical features, acoustic-phonetic characteristics, lexical attributes, morphosyntactic attributes, pragmatic attributes

These attributes provide a more accurate identification of race and ethnicity.

167
Q

Fill in the blank: Dialect alone can be inaccurately associated with _______.

A

[race]

This highlights the complexity of linking dialect to racial identity.

168
Q

What are the indexical properties related to in the context of speaker identity?

A

Race and ethnicity

Indexical properties refer to the ways in which certain features are linked to specific social identities.

Speech And Hearing Science (12 decks)

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