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Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Abductor

A

Posterior Cricoarytenoid

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2
Q

Posterior cricoarytenoid

A

origin: posterior surface of cricoid
Attachment: muscular process of Arytenoid
Function: ABDUCT, rotate vocal process of Arytenoid LATERALLY
Innervation: RLN

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3
Q

Adductors

A

Cricothyroid
Interarytenoids (transverse and oblique)
Lateral cricoarytenoid

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4
Q

Cricothyroid

A

Origin: anterior and lateral surface of cricoid
Attachment: Pars recta - lower thyroid, pars oblique - thyroid b/w lamina and inferior horns
Function: ADDUCT - pars recta: pulls thyroid down, pars oblique: pulls thyroid forward
Innervation: SLN and CN X
Sole regulator of fundamental frequency
Maximal length change up to 25% resting length

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5
Q

Interarytenoids

A

Origin: Arytenoid
Attachment: opposite Arytenoid
Function: ADDUCT, oblique: pulls arytenoids medially, transverse: glides arytenoids together
Innervation: RLN

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6
Q

Lateral cricoarytenoid

A

Origin: arch of cricoid
Attachment: muscular process of Arytenoid
Function: ADDUCT - rotate muscular process forward and inward
Innervation: RLN

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7
Q

Relaxer

A

Thyromuscularis

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8
Q

Thyromuscularis

A

Origin: thyroid angle
Attachment: anterolateral surface of Arytenoid and muscular process
Function: Relax VF - pulls arytenoids forward
Innervation: RLN

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9
Q

Tensor

A

Thyrovocalis

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10
Q

Thyrovocalis

A

Origin: posterior surface of angle of thyroid
Attachment: vocal process
Function: tense vf
Innervation: RLN

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11
Q

Elevators

A

Digastric
Geniohyoid
Mylohyoid
Stylohyoid
Thyrohyoid
Got My STylohoid and Digastric

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12
Q

Depressors

A

Sternohyoid
Omohyoid
Sternothyroid

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13
Q

Digastric

A

Origin: mastoid - mandible
Attachment: hyoid
Function: ELEVATOR - elevates hyoid anteriorly
Innervation: CN V - 5th - Trigeminal (anterior belly)
CN VII - 7th - facial

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14
Q

Geniohyoid

A

Genio=chin
Origin: inner surface of mandible at chin
Attachment: hyoid
Function: ELEVATE: draws tongue and hyoid bone forward
Innervation: CN XII - 12th - hypoglossal

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15
Q

Mylohyoid

A

Origin: Mylohyoid line from mandibular
Attachment: median raphe from mental symphysis to hyoid bone
function: ELEVATE - elevates hyoid or depresses mandible
Innervation: CN V - 5th - Trigeminal

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16
Q

Stylohyoid

A

Origin: styloid of temporal bone
Attachment - greater Cornu of hyoid
Function: ELEVATE - elevates and retracts hyoid
Innervation: CN VII - 7th - Facial nerve

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17
Q

Thyrohyoid

A

Origin: thyroid
Attachment: hyoid bone
Function: ELEVATE - depresses hyoid bone or elevates thyroid cartilage
Innervation: CN XII - 12th - Hypoglossal

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18
Q

Depressors

A

Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Omohyoid

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19
Q

Sternohyoid

A

Origin: medial portion of clavicle and sternum
Attachment: Interior surface of hyoid bone
Function: DEPRESS - depresses hyoid bone
Innervation CN XII - 12th - Hypoglossal

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20
Q

Sternothyroid

A

Origin: sternum and first costal cartilage
Attachment: Thyroid
Function: DEPRESS - depresses thyroid cartilage
Innervation: CN XII - 12th Hypoglossal

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21
Q

Omohyoid

A

Origin: superior margin of scapula
Attachment: inferior border of hyoid bone
Function: DEPRESS - Depresses and retracts hyoid
Innervation: CN XII - 12th - Hypoglossal

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22
Q

Vocal fold vibration

A

Rapidly opening and closing to produce puffs (oscillating air molecules) that result in a sound pressure wave that travels up the vocal tract

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23
Q

Phonation is…

A

The process of converting aerodynamic energy created by the lungs into acoustic energy in the form of sound waves

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24
Q

Structural framework of the larynx

A

Extends from root of the tongue to
Top of trachea in the anterior of the
Neck or throat at
The level of cervical vertebrae 4, 5 , 6

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25
Q

3 paired cartilages of larynx

A

Arytenoids
Corniculate
Cuneiforms

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26
Q

3 unpaired cartilages of the larynx

A

Cricoid
Thyroid
Epiglottis

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27
Q

Hyoid bone

A

In the anterior wall of the hypopharynx
Does not articulate with any bones
Supports the larynx via the thyrohyoid membrane

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28
Q

Fibroelastic sheets of larynx - Extrinsic

A

Attached to hyoid superiorly
Attached to trachea inferiority

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29
Q

Membranes - extrinsic

A

Sheetlike
Thyrohyoid
Cricothyroid
Cricotracheal

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30
Q

Ligaments - extrinsic

A

Rope like
Hyoepiglottic
Thyroepiglottic
Cricotracheal

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31
Q

Quadrangular membranes - Intrinsic

A

Extends from arytenoids ad inner thyroid cartilage to epiglottis
Forms the ventricular folds

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32
Q

Conus elasticus - intrinsic

A

Lateral portion of the cricothyroid ligament
Uppermost border makes up the vocal ligament

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33
Q

Laryngeal cavities

A

See page 4 of lecture notes

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34
Q

3 functions of the larynx

A

Protection
Stabilization
Phonation

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35
Q

Intrinsic muscle responsibility

A

Vocal folds movement and fine motor control related to the features of phonation

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36
Q

Extrinsic muscle responsibility

A

Laryngeal positioning and stabilization

37
Q

Structural overview of VF

A

Attaches anteriorly inside the thyroid cartilage and the thyroid notch
left and right vocal folds attach posteriorly to the corresponding Arytenoid cartilage

38
Q

Glottis

A

Space between the VF

39
Q

Space below and above VF

A

Below: subglottal
Above: supgraglottis

40
Q

Anterior commissure

A

Defines glottal opening in the anterior portion of the VF
Landmark for descriptive purposes

41
Q

Posterior Commissure

A

Glottal opening between the Arytenoid cartilages
Landmarks for descriptive purposes

42
Q

Free margin

A

Medial edge of each fold that borders the glottis

43
Q

Cartilaginous VF

A

Posterior two-fifths of each fold

44
Q

Membranous VF

A

Anterior three fifths of each fold

45
Q

Epithelium

A

Outer surface of VF 1.2 mm thick

46
Q

Lamina propria - superficial layer

A

Highly mobile
Composed of elastin fibers and a cellular matrix
Reinke’s space
0.5 mm thick

47
Q

Lamina propria - intermediate layer

A

Composed of elastin fibers
More dense distribution
Lies parallel to free edge of VF
1-2 mm thick

48
Q

Lamina Propia - deep layer

A

Composed primarily of collagen fibers
Lie parallel to length of VF
1-2 mm thick
See notes page 12 for diagram of layers

49
Q

Vocalis muscle

A

Below deepest layer of lamina propria
Makes up body of VF

50
Q

Mucoserous blanket

A

Additional layer above the epithelium
Originate from the glands beneath the VF and within the vestibule
Protects the epithelium
Maintain adequate hydration

51
Q

Cricothyroid joints

A

Inner surface of the inferior horns of the thyroid cartilage
Sides of the cricoid cartilage
Held together by a cricothyroid ligament

52
Q

3 important facts of Muller’s myoelastic aerodynamic theory

A
  1. Adducting the VF into the airstream caused them to vibrate
  2. Increasing tension on the VF caused the rate of vibration to increase
  3. VF tissue was passive and the vibration was the result of the airflow
53
Q

Neurochronaxic theory

A

Husson
Alternative explanation of voice production
Neural impulses cause the muscles of VF to pulsate
This modifies the airstream to
Produce sound waves

54
Q

Why was neurochronaxic theory rejected

A

Anatomical/physiological constraints make it impossible to produce sound
Muscle fibers of vocalists would have to be oblique to the glottic
High rate of neural impulses which is impossible

55
Q

Bernoulli principle

A

Given a constant flow of air
At a point of constriction there will be an
Increase in velocity of the flow and a
Decrease in air pressure perpendicular to the flow

56
Q

Venturi Effect

A

An application of the Bernoulli principle
The acceleration of a fluid (air) through
A narrowed area
Results in a decrease in pressure

57
Q

Venturi effect on speech production

A

Occurs in vocal tract because
Subglottal pressure is greater than supraglottal pressure causing
Airflow to be driven upward through the glottis
Narrow opening of glottic causes
Airflow to accelerate
Upward to oral cavity and beyond
Important in the modulation of the acoustic signal

58
Q

What is neuromuscular controlled used for in VF

A

Begins the process of VF vibration for adduction

59
Q

Strength of MAT

A

Incorporates self-oscillating nature of VF
Not depend on neural impulses which but an external driving force

60
Q

Weakness of MAT

A

Overstatement of the Bernoulli effect
Which cannot sustain self-oscillation of the VF

61
Q

Wavelike opening and closure from bottom to top

A

Convergent shaped glottis (triangle shaped) due to interior border opening first
Divergent shaped glottis (inverted triangle) due to the lower border returning to midline

62
Q

Vertical phasing or out of phase movement

A

Closing phase the lower border makes contact before the upper border
Difference in the vertical phrasing is a mucosal wave
See page 16 of notes for phases

63
Q

Transglottal airflow or glottal volume velocity

A

Volume of air flowing
Through the glottis
As a function of time
During phonation
See page 17 of notes

64
Q

3 types of phonation onset

A
  1. Simultaneous/easy onset
  2. Breathy (aspirate) onset
  3. Glottal attack (hard onset)
65
Q

Simultaneous/easy onset

A

Phonation is initiated by
Simultaneous exhalation and
Adduction of the VF
At midline

66
Q

Breathy (aspirate onset)

A

Exhalation through the
Glottis prior to
VF adduction
Degree of airflow varies from minimal to significant air waste

67
Q

Glottal attack (hard onset)

A

VF firmly approximated
PRIOR to phonation
Requires significant subglottal pressure and
Explosive release
When VF are blow apart

68
Q

Vocal rise time

A

The duration from onset until the
Amplitude of the sound pressure wave
Reaches a steady state

69
Q

Control of fundamental properties of voice

A

Requires variable stiffness of VF
Stress and strain = tension
VF are placed under tension b stretching
Cover can stretch more than muscle
Cover builds up stress faster than muscle
See page 19 of notes

70
Q

Biomechanical properties of layers

A

See page 19 notes

71
Q

What controls fundamental frequency of VF

A

Length of the VF
Tension exerted on the mass per unit length and their stiffness
Lung pressure is the MAJOR regulator of fundamental frequency
Causes dynamic stretch of VF

72
Q

Major determinants of sound pressure wave amplitude (i.e., intensity)

A
  1. Lung pressure (except at high frequencies)
  2. VF closure
  3. Vocal tract resonance
73
Q

VF closure is important regulator intensity. Factors for intensity

A
  1. Duration: longer closed phase - allows greater build-up of lung pressure
  2. Speed: faster closing - sharper cut-VF glottal volume velocity
  3. Degree: greater closure - less energy lost to subglottal space - greater build-up of lung pressure
74
Q

Voice quality

A

Subjective phenomenon that may be predicted in part by laryngeal dynamics

75
Q

Various voice quality

A

Breathy - associated with incomplete glottal closure
Pressed - associated with reduced open phase of vibration
Rough - associated with irregular mucosal wave vibration

76
Q

Muscle tension dysphonia (MTD)

A

Characterized by excessive contraction of the intrinsic and extrinsic laryngeal muscles
Foreshortened or asymmetric

77
Q

Ventricular phonation

A

Voice disorder
Medial squeezing of the false vocal folds into the airway
Impede vibration of the true vocal folds and absorb acoustic energy of the glottal wave

78
Q

Laryngeal reflux

A

Retrograde movement acid travels up from the stomach
Irritates the posterior larynx
Vocal production can become impaired due to irritation of the mucosal covering as well as maladaptive strategies to compensate for irritation

79
Q

Laryngeal blood supply

A

Receive from carotid artery which arises from aorta
Drains into jugular vein

80
Q

Sensory information

A

Travels to the brain from the periphery
Mechanorecptors sensitive to tactile and aerodynamic pressures generate sensory signals
From the mucous membranes via the SLN
Below the VF it is the RLN

81
Q

Viscoelasticity

A

References both the elastic resistance of the VF tissues and
The ease with which the VF returns to their original shape

82
Q

Shear force

A

The force that contributes to the upheaval of tissue described as the mucosal wave

83
Q

Anterior-posterior phase

A

Zipper like fashion
Starting anteriorly and proceeding posteriorly
Because…fixed attachment of the VF at the thyroid cartilage and
The movable points of attachment of the VF posteriorly
At the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages

84
Q

Phonation threshold pressure

A

The minimal lung pressure required for phonation
Varies indirectly with VF thickness
Varies directly with fundamental frequency, VF viscosity, mucosal wave velocity, separation of the VF in the pre phonation stage, and dehydration of the tiusse

85
Q

Tension of VF

A

Regulated by their length
Regulated by the cricothyroid joint

86
Q

Tension of VF

A

Regulated by their length
Regulated by the cricothyroid joint

87
Q

VF stiffness

A

Regulated predominantly by VF length and
Tension
Mass per unit volume

88
Q

Extrinsic muscles and fundamental frequency

A

Sternothyroid lowers the larynx
This reduces the anterior-inferior pull of the thyroid cartilage
This causes the VF to shorten and thicken
Resulting in decrease in fundamental frequency

Speech And Hearing Science (12 decks)

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