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Speech And Hearing Science > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is sound

A

A pressure wave that is audible to the human ear with normal auditory sensitivity

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2
Q

What is vibration

A

a back and forth motion that can occur in solids, liquids, and gases
Can be observed as an oscillation - the distance covered by movement from its position of rest

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3
Q

Mass spring system potential and kinetic energy

A

Newton’s 3rd law applies
The potential energy is built up when the spring is pulled downward but will be released as kinetic energy when it moves back up

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4
Q

Energy in regard to vibration

A

Needed to start something vibrating and keep it going, vibrations will become smaller an stop without sustained energy

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5
Q

Restorative force

A

The force that causes a particle to be restored to its prior,undistorted position

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6
Q

What is displacement force

A

The initial force that caused a particle to move from its position of equilibrium

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7
Q

Equilibrium

A

When a system is undisturbed at rest
Net restoring forces acting upon it are 0, the greater the displacement, the greater the proportionately the restorative force

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8
Q

Elastic restorative forces

A

If an object has been displacement and is going to return to equilibrium the elastic restorative forces accelerate it toward its equilibrium position

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9
Q

Net restoring forces

A

As mass approaches equilibrium the net restoring force decreases and will reach 0 at equilibrium

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10
Q

Inertial forces on mass

A

causes mass to overshoot its return to equilibrium and continue moving past original point. Inertia resists a change in movement

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11
Q

Frictional force on vibration

A

Causes vibration to lose energy with each cycle, unless an outside force provides energy, eventually the mass will stay in its rest position

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12
Q

What are speech sounds made up of?

A

Sound waves

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13
Q

Nature of waves

A

Composed of vibrations
Moves energy along an object or medium without moving the medium
Created by a disuturbance

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14
Q

What is a medium

A

Series of interconnected particles that interact with one another

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15
Q

Disturbance in speech

A

Vocal folds cause the disturbance and the air is the medium

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16
Q

Mechanical waves

A

Transfers energy through a medium in an oscillating manner
Energy transfer cannot occur in a vacuum
Not mechanical: light, electromagnetic, etc.

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17
Q

What is a pulse wave

A

Single disturbance traveling through a medium
Simplest wave
E.g. single clap, dominos, stone thrown in pond, non-continuant phoneme

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18
Q

Longitudinal wave characteristics

A

Repeated disturbance over a period of time
Alternating compressions and rarefactions of air molecules are the traveling sound wave
Repeating patterns of high pressure and low pressure moving through a medium

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19
Q

Sounds WAVE characteristics

A

Sound waves are pressure wave
Sound waves are longitudinal meaning that the particles of the medium move parallel to the direction of the way
Omnidirectional so move in all directions within it’s space but energy moves parallel

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20
Q

Compression and rarefaction

A

Compression is the displacement
Rarefaction is moving back toward equilibrium

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21
Q

Traveling sound wave OR PRESSURE WAVE creation

A

DISPLACEMENT force moves it forward so Particle A collides with Particle B which causes Partical A to be pushed back into rest position (an equal and opposite force), while displacing Particle B forward, which in turn collides with Particle C. Due to MOMENTUM, however, Partical A overshoots rest position and moves farther away from Particle B. The collisions of air molecules result in regions of increased density and air pressure - COMPRESSIONS. The RESTORATIVE force and MOMENTUM cause the air particles to separate, resulting in regions of decreased density and air pressure RAREFACTIONS. The alternating compressions and rarefactions of the air molecules are the traveling sound wave.

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22
Q

Transverse Waves

A

Particles of the medium move perpendicular to the motion/direction of the wave
Creates crests and troughs

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23
Q

Transverse Waves

A

Particles of the medium move perpendicular to the motion/direction of the wave
Creates crests and troughs

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24
Q

Fluid medium waves

A

Combination of transverse and longitudinal
Transverse waves cannot exist alone in fluid

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25
Q

Energy transfer of transverse vs. longitudinal waves

A

Transverse waves: an individual point of energy moves up/down, but not forward
Longitudinal waves: forward/backward around a central point, but not forward

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26
Q

Transfer of energy in waves

A

Particles oscillate but don’t move beyond their area of disturbance
The disturbance (energy) that caused the oscillation travels forward along the wave

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27
Q

What is frequency?

A

The rate of particle vibration (back and forth movement in a longitudinal wave) PER SECond
How often patterns of compression/rarefaction repeat itself in one second

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28
Q

What is a cycle in regards to frequency?

A

One alternating compression and rarefaction of air molecules
Cycles per second = fundamental frequnecy

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29
Q

What is the unit of measurement for frequency?

A

Hertz
How many cycles in a second = (n) Hertz
1 cycle=1Hertz

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30
Q

What is a visualization of a sound wave

A

Waveform - a graphic representation of changes to a sound (vibration) as a FUNCTION OF TIME
- number of vibrations per second

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31
Q

Simple harmonic motion/projected uniform circular motion

A

Upward and downward oscillation that continues unchanged through each cycle of vibration
Sinusoidal/sine wave

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32
Q

What is a phase

A

The point in a cycle (of frequency) at which the waveform BEGINS

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33
Q

Amplitude in relation to waveform

A

The degree of the displacement - amount of pressure causing displacement

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34
Q

Waveform graph

A

Horizontal x axis - time
Vertical y axis - pressure (expressed in amplitude)

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35
Q

When can Hertz be calculated

A

Any point in the waveform that contains one complete cycle

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36
Q

What is a period

A

A change in pressure (compression/rarefaction) as a function of TIME
The space of time b/w successive low and high pressure points
- the duration of each cycle of compressions and rarefactions

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37
Q

What kind of relationship does a period have to frequency?

A

Period has a reciprocal relationship to frequency
Low frequency sound - will have a large period
Higher frequency sound - will have a small period
The longer it takes to complete a cycle, the less cycles per second

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38
Q

Equation for period

A

Period (t) = 1/frequency

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39
Q

Equation for frequency

A

Frequency = 1/t(period)

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40
Q

What is intensity?

A

power per unity area
Expressed in watts (Watts/meter squared)
Measured as the relative power of one sound to another

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41
Q

What does every sound have?

A

A characteristic amount of energy (power) -

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42
Q

What is a pressure wave initiated by

A

A disturbance
The greater the disturbance or displacement of molecules, the greater the energy passed on

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43
Q

The amount of energy transferred through a medium is dependent on what?

A

The amplitude of the vibration

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44
Q

What is amplitude?

A

The maximum value of the wave function
The higher the amplitude, the louder the sound

45
Q

Intensity increases FASTER than amplitude

A

Intensity increases as the square of the amplitude of the sound pressure wave

46
Q

Ratio of acoustic powers

A

Sound pressure wave - dB each increase is another increase to the power of 10

47
Q

What is wavelength

A

The distance traveled during one cycle
Identified by lamba - distance
DEPENDENT upon frequency and speed of sound (assume 340 for our measurements)
SO WAVELENGTH = speed (c) divided by frequency (f)

48
Q

Speed of sound is dependent on

A

Altitude and temperature
- these cause molecules to more or less dense
So it is 340 m/s at 59 degrees at see level

49
Q

Wavelength has an inverse relationship to frequency

A

The higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength
The lower the frequency, the longer the wavelength

50
Q

Direction in relation to wavelengths

A

Shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) are highly directive - don’t bend around objects
Longer wavelengths (lower frequency) can bend around objects and are more easily transferred in solids

51
Q

Speed of sound is

A

Rate at which the pressure disturbance is transmitted from one particle to the next
DO NOT CONFUSE:
1. Speed - how FAST (distance/time m/s)
2. Wavelength - how far (distance/cycle m/s)
3. Frequency - how many (cycles per second

52
Q

Properties of medium in relation to speed of sound

A
  1. Density of the medium - helium transports sound faster than atmosphere
  2. State of medium -solid, liquid, gas
    Related to the strength of the bonds so solid is strongest, liquid and then gas so travels best through solids
    Strong bonds allows the particles to interact with one another more easily than weaker bonds
  3. Temperature and pressure of air
53
Q

2 factors when talking about the perception of sound waves

A
  1. Psychophysics and psychoacoustics
54
Q

What is psychophysics

A

The study of the relationship between physical stimuli and sensation and perception

55
Q

What is psychoacoustics

A

A branch of psychophysics
The study of sound perception related to psychological and physiological responses associated with sound

56
Q

Perceptual correlate for pitch

A

Pitch is the perceptual correlate of
Frequency which is effected by intensity

57
Q

Perceptual correlate for loudness

A

Loudness it the perceptual correlate of Intensity affected by frequency

58
Q

What is JND?

A

Just noticeable difference
Can range from 1dB to .5 dB for very loud sounds

59
Q

Hearing sensitivity is frequency dependent

A

Two pressure waves at different frequencies with the same dB level will be perceived as having different loudness levels
Certain frequencies are easier to hear even if same loudness level

60
Q

Perception of intensity/loudness measured by

A

Psychoacoustic scale for intensity
Phon or sone scale

61
Q

Phon scale

A

Reference frequency is 1000 Hz pure tone
So 60 dB at 1000 Hz will be 60 phon, 50 dB at 1000 Hz will be 50 phon, etc.

62
Q

Sone scale creation

A

Intensity must increase by a factor of 10 for the sound to be perceived as twice as loud, so loudness doubles for every 10 phon increase, this is why the sone scale was created

63
Q

Sone scale characteristics

A

Linear scale of loudness
derives from orchestral music (range of sound is 40-100 phons)
Doubling of loudness based on the reference frequency of 1000 Hz pure tone at 40dB

64
Q

Perception of frequency

A

Our ears are not equally sensitive to frequency change across all frequencies
At lower frequencies we are able to perceive smaller differences between frequencies

65
Q

What is an interval

A

The distance between 2 frequencies or two pitches

66
Q

What is the smallest interval (distance) between 2 pitches/frequencies?

A

A semitone

67
Q

What is a pure tone?

A

Object that vibrates with energy at a single frequency
Simple harmonic motion
Audible result of simple harmonic motion and its graphic representation is the sine wave

68
Q

Complex tone characteristics

A

Composed of 2 or more sine waves of different frequencies
The frequency of the complex wave is equal to the frequency of the lowest component sine wave
F=1/t period

69
Q

Features of a complex tone

A

Pattern repetition in each cycle of vibration
Equal spacing of successive disturbances (compressions and rarefactions)
Constant shape of successive disturbances (compressions and rarefactions)
Repeats after a fixed interval
result of the integer relationship

70
Q

Rules of combining waves

A

A high pressure will cancel out a low pressure
Two high pressures will reinforce each other - higher amplitude
Two low pressures will reinforce each other
The result is obtained by adding the waves pressures together at each point in time

71
Q

What is a power spectrum

A

representation of a pure or complex tone
A snapshot of at least one complete cycle of vibration to show which frequencies contain the sounds power
Plot of the power of a given frequency of sound

72
Q

Power spectrum versus waveform

A

Power spectrum is a frequency domain plot
Waveform is a time domain plot

73
Q

Fourier analysis

A

mathematical process to
decomposing a waveform
into its component parts (sine waves)

74
Q

Fourier theorem

A

All periodic waveforms can be decomposed
as the sum of a series of sine waves
with frequencies
in a harmonic series
at phase relationships to one another

75
Q

Complex aperiodic waves

A

Most natural sounds
Do not have orderly arithmetic relationship
Not related by integer multiples…etc

76
Q

What is constructive interference?

A

In phase waves that
Leads to reinforcement of compressions and rarefactions resulting in greater intensity. Combined wave is louder than the 2 separate waves

77
Q

What is destructive interference?

A

Out of phase waves that
Leads to cancellation of compression and rarefactions resulting in a weaker intesity
Compression of one wave meets rarefaction to the other wave

78
Q

Constructive/Destructive Interference

A

High pressure will cancel low pressure but have to be COMPLETELY in phase
Works with both transverse and longitudinal waves

79
Q

Mixed or complex interference

A

Most interference is this type
Not completely constructive or destructive
Intensity is dependent upon the degree to which the two waves are in or out of phase

80
Q

What are beat tones?

A

Alternating constructive and destructive interference between two tones of slightly different frequencies resulting in a pulsing sound called beats
When tuning instruments if you hear the beat then the instruments are out of tune

81
Q

What are boundaries?

A

When sound wave encounters an object that obstructs its forward movement
The obstruction is then though of as another medium
The interface between the two mediums is called that boundary
The way that the wave is altered at that boundary is called the boundary behavior

82
Q

Types of boundary behavior

A

Reflection - bouncing backwards
Diffraction - bending around without going through
Transmission - going through a boundary
Refraction - change in speed and dirrection

83
Q

Reflection

A

When a sound wave encounters a boundary a portion of the energy in the wave is reflected back toward the origin. The original wave is called the incident wave, whereas the portion of the energy that is returning is the reflected wave.

84
Q

Energy and reflected wave

A

The greater the similarity of mediums the less reflection and greater transmission
the less similarity of mediums the greater the reflection and less transmission

85
Q

Resonance

A

A large increase in vibration
when a force is applied at the same frequency
of an object or medium

86
Q

Natural resonant frequency

A

The frequency or set of frequencies
most preferred by an object or medium
when set into vibration
Stiffness regulates the rate of vibration, think rubber band vs. wall

87
Q

Natural resonant frequency and medium

A

Increased stiffness results in higher (faster) frequency in vibration

88
Q

Natural resonant frequency and length

A

The greater the length, the slower (lower) the frequency of vibration

89
Q

Destructive interference of reflected and incident waves

A

Both waves have the same frequency
Occurs at a boundary (e.g. vocal tract)
Creates a type of resonant pattern

90
Q

Source filter theory

A

Airflow up through the lungs is the source energy
As vibrations transfer up boundaries are created within the vocal tract.
The incident and reflective wave playoff each other in the boundary and that creates a certain resonant pattern
Individualized due to individual anatomical structures

91
Q

Standing wave is created when

A

When a medium vibrates at its resonant frequency

92
Q

Definition of standing wave

A

The superposition of two or more waves
within a confined space
creating an interference pattern
that appears to be standing still

93
Q

Standing wave rule - the longest wave achievable is

A

Twice the length of the rope
Equals the lowest frequency or fundamental frequency and is considered 1st harmonic
Wavelength (L) = 2L

94
Q

2nd harmonica or 1st overtone

A

2 halves
Wavelength = L

95
Q

2nd overtone or 3rd harmonic

A

Wavelength = 2/3 L

96
Q

Nodes and antinodes

A

Nodes (N)-regions of minimal vibratory amplitude (energy)
Antinodes (A)-regions of maximum vibratory amplitude (energy)

97
Q

What is free vibration

A

An object or medium is allowed to vibrate freely after the initial disturbance
E.g. - pushing a child on a swing and allowing them to stop

98
Q

What is forced vibration

A

An object kept in motion by an outside force that is itself an oscillator
The tendency of one medium to set an adjoining or interconnected medium into vibration - the object set into vibration is a resonator

99
Q

Mechanical resonator

A

Causes an object or medium
to produce a waveform
by setting it into vibration

100
Q

Acoustic resonator

A

A partially or completely enclosed container
in which the air inside
is set into vibration
producing a sound wave
at a particular frequency -
E.g. guitar

101
Q

Increase in sound pressure

A

Small increase yields a large increase in intensity
Increase sound - increase amplitude - amplitude increases intensity

102
Q

As sound wave spreads outward…

A

The intensity decreases
As the area increases (due to distance)
The power (intensity) decreases
Distance increases by factor of two, intensity reduced by a factor of four

103
Q

How is intensity measured?

A

As an absolute value
Relative power of one sound to another
Db SPL

104
Q

Wavelength in relation to flexibility

A

Shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) are highly directive..do not bounce off as well as low
Longer wavelength (lower frequency) can bend around objects and are more easily transferred through solids

105
Q

Chromatic scale

A

Western cultural musical scale
12 tones, each separated by a semitone

106
Q

Greater sensitivity to differences in what pitch

A

Greater sensitivity to differences in lower pitches compared to higher pitches

107
Q

What is an octave

A

12 shemitones
Doubling of frequency
Middle c is 261.6 Hz

108
Q

Complex tone (wave) and math

A

Mathematical relationship between sine waves
Component sine waves are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency
E.g. 250 Hz (FF), 500 Hz (250x2), 750 Hz (250x3)
This is a complex periodic waveform with rich tones

109
Q

Stiffness and resonance

A

Stiffness regulates the rate of vibration
Stiffness = amount of force required to displace an object
The greater the stiffness requires greater displacement force
Greater displacement force results in greater restorative force and quicker return back to equilibrium

Speech And Hearing Science (12 decks)

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