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Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Consonant characteristics

A

One or more areas of constriction of vocal tract
Source of sound: voiced, turbulent airflow (voiceless) or both (cognate pairs)
Nearly periodic and/or a periodic airflow from a constriction at the glottis
Less energy than vowels but greater functional load (hold more meaning)

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2
Q

Vowel characteristics

A

Relatively open vocal tract
Source of sound (all voiced)
Nearly periodic airflow
Greater energy than consonants but less functional load

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3
Q

All speech sounds in GAE are…

A

Egressive
Produced on exhalation

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4
Q

Relation to constriction

A

Downstream if the constriction is closer to the mouth
Upstream if the constriction is closer to the VF

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5
Q

See overview of pharyngeal and velar muscles

A

Page 296-298

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6
Q

Coarticulation is…

A

Essential to perception and discrimination of certain consonants
More time efficient process
Makes connected speech easier to produce

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7
Q

Types of coarticulation

A

Anticipatory (forward)
Retentive (carryover/backward)

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8
Q

Anticipatory (forward) coarticulation

A

PLACE of articulation/oral posture,
Adapts to the FOLLOWING sound
English is primarily anticipatory
Tape becomes paper

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9
Q

Retentive (carryover/backward) articulation

A

PLACE of articulation/oral posture,
Adapts to the PRECEDING sound
French and Italian are retentive languages
Perseverative assimilation
Tape becomes tate

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10
Q

Vowel transitions are examples of what?

A

Coarticulation

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11
Q

What is the acoustic feature of a coarticulation

A

Shift in formant frequency and amplitude

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12
Q

COARTICULATION vs. assimilation

A

Subtle articulatory posture changes b/w
Phonemes with each phoneme RETAINING its
Characteristic acoustic properties/sound

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13
Q

Coarticulation vs. ASSIMILATION

A

A phonemes in a words becomes
LIKE a phoneme that precedes or follows it SUBSTITUTION

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14
Q

Regressive assimilation

A

A sound becomes like a sound that
FOLLOWS
Tape becomes pape

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15
Q

Progressive assimilation

A

A sound becomes like a
PRECEDING sound
Tape becomes tate

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16
Q

Know chart of phonetic description of consonants

A

Page 4 notes

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17
Q

Stop phonemes

A

/p, b, t, d, k, g, ʔ/

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18
Q

Stop characteristics

A

Have many allophonic variations
No single invariant acoustic feature
Four acoustic cues

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19
Q

Four acoustic cues of stops on spectrogram

A

Silence (stop gap)
Burst noise (release)
Voice onset time (VOT) burst to onset of voicing
Post-stop vowel Formant transition

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20
Q

Stop gap

A

Silence occurring DURING
The production of the plosive
PRIOR to the
Release of airflow
1. Complete silence
2. Dampened voicing

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21
Q

Stop gap - complete silence

A

VOICELESS stops (p, t, k)
Complete closure results in equilibrium
Of supra and subglottal pressure

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22
Q

Stop gap - dampened voicing

A

VOICED stops (b, d, g)
Not enough time for complete closure in running speech
Low amplitude sound shown by the VOICE BAR on the spectrogram

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23
Q

Release burst

A

Brief burst noise when impounded air is released

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24
Q

What is the cause of a release burst?

A

During the closed period of a plosive
Impounded air is raised ABOVE atmospheric pressure
Release burst is a result of the 2 pressures meeting

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25
Q

Release burst and place of articulation (energy) on spectrogram

A

Bilabials: /p, b/ - low or broadly across all
Alveolars: /t, d/ - high, rising spectral envelope
Velars: /k, g/ - mid frequencies
Broad band of grey

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26
Q

Release burst on a waveform

A

Shows sudden change in amplitude

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27
Q

What is aspiration?

A

Burst of air AFTER
The release of a stop

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28
Q

What causes aspiration?

A

Turbulent airflow released
Through a narrow glottal opening
AFTER the NON-VOICED closed phase
Occurs SOMETIMES AFTER voiceless stops
NEVER after voiced stops

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29
Q

Aspiration NEVER happens when…

A

S clusters - due to lack of voicing
After voiced stops

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30
Q

Stops and fundamental frequency

A

AFTER a VOICELESS stop FF is briefly ELEVATED then back to stable
AFTER a VOICED stop FF is relatively FLAT

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31
Q

Vowel length and stops

A

BEFORE VOICED stops = longer than BEFORE VOICELESS
Because of anticipatory coarticulation

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32
Q

Stops and Formant Frequencies in VC

A

Bilabilals: ALL DROP
Alveolars: F2 slight rise, F3 remains steady
Velar: F2 and F3 start apart THEN make velar pinch

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33
Q

Stops and Formant Frequencies in CV

A

F1 rises upon release of ALL stops
Bilabials: F2 and F3 begin to rise
Alveolars: F2 remains steady, F3 begins to rise
Velars: F2 and F3 start in velar pinch then open

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34
Q

What is VOT

A

Time from RELEASE of stop closure to ONSET of voicing
Exists on a continuum, can be variable

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35
Q

Voicing in stops

A

Pre-voicing: just before release
Simultaneous: upon release
Voicing AFTER air is released: <20 ms =voiced, >25 ms =voiceless

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36
Q

FF is an acoustic cue for VOT

A

Goes DOWN in anticipation of closure for voiced and voiceless stops
After voiceless stops, FF is momentarily elevated
FF remains flat after voiced stops

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37
Q

What is a glottal stop

A

Speech sound articulated by a
COMPLETE closure, like hard onset
Allophonic variation of a tap
CANNOT be aspirated or voiced
Produced DOWNSTREAM

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38
Q

What are the fricatives phonemes?

A

/f, v,
θ, ð,
s, z,
ʃ, ʒ,
h/

39
Q

How is a fricative formed?

A

Narrow constriction b/w
Articulators
Creating
Turbulent airflow

40
Q

Venturi effect and fricatives

A

Acceleration of air through a narrow passageway causes
Frication
This is the single sound source for VOICELESS fricatives
VOICED fricatives combo of supraglottal fricatioin noise plus phonation

41
Q

Place of articulation - fricatives

A

Labiodentals: f/v
Dentals: θ, ð 0 small anterior resonating cavity, broad constriction, low energy, broad spectrum
Alveolars: s, z
Palatals: ʃ, ʒ
Pharyngeal (glottal): h - low energy, broad spectrum

42
Q

Acoustic evidence for place of articulation - fricatives

A

Frication noise spectrum from turbulent airflow
Formant transitions in CV and VC contexts

43
Q

Fricatives transitions (CV)

A

F1 Increases (h has no change)
F2 changes depending on the vowel

44
Q

Obstruents

A

Fricatives and affricates (ʃ, ʒ)
Consonant created by obstruction
Total or partial closure
Causes increased air pressure

45
Q

Sibilants

A

Filtered downstream from constriction
S,

46
Q

Alveolar - sibilants s,z

A

Greater degree of constriction = higher energy = higher frequency
Energy concentrated above F4

47
Q

Palatial - sibilants ʃ, ʒ

A

Narrow constriction but further toward back
High frequency noise - not as high as alveolars
Energy concentrated above F3

48
Q

Approximants and articulators

A

Approximate but not enough to cause turbulence
Vocal tract is relatively open, like vowel
Lip rounding/protrusion is important

49
Q

Approximants and vowels

A

Do not typically form a nucleus, otherwise would be a vowel
Includes glides (semivowels) such as j, w and liquids retroflex r and l
All except /l/ are produced with CENTRAL airflow

50
Q

Acoustic evidence for MANNER for Approximants

A

Formant transitions at 75-250 ms
No distinction from vowels in the waveform

51
Q

Glides compared to vowels

A

Glides have more vocal tract constriction
Formant transitions is faster from vowel to glide than diphthong

52
Q

Acoustic evidence for PLACE for glide /j/

A

CV: F1 increases, and F2 decreases
VC: F1 decreases and F2 increases

53
Q

Acoustic evidence for glide /w/

A

CV: F1 and F2 increase
VC: F1 and F2 decrease

54
Q

Rule constriction for alveolar/palatal in Approximants

A

Causes F2 to rise

55
Q

Liquid characteristics

A

Similar to vowels
Can see steady state of formant depending on phonetic context
PLACE is usually alveolar so expect F2 and F3 to rise

56
Q

Acoustic features for MANNER retroflex /r/

A

Low F3
F1 and F2 similar to /l/
Low F3 constrains movement of F2 with velar pinch as move toward FOLLOWING wool
/r/ and /w/ are similar so helps account for r/w substitutions

57
Q

dark /r/

A

Generally occurs BEFORE vowel CV
Posterior position of tongue (retracted)
F3 is low
Anticipatory coarticulation DOES NOT occur
NOT affected by subsequent vowel
Velar pinch is evident as dark /r/ is velarized

58
Q

Light /r/

A

Occurs AFTER a vowel VC
Strongly influences PRECEDING vowel
Vowel becomes r-colored
Anterior position of tongue - palatal region
F3 not as low as dark /r/

59
Q

Characteristics of /l/

A

Lateral airflow makes complex
Acoustic filter function is influenced by formants and ANTIformants

60
Q

What are antiformants

A

Opposite of a formant
Described as zeros
Does not allow harmonic energy to be passed well due to trapping of the energy
Factor in nasal production due to division of airflow

61
Q

Acoustic features of MANNER for /l/

A

Formant characteristics similar to /n/
They are homorganic
Low F1
Slight discontinuity in transition

62
Q

Light /l/

A

Occurs BEFORE a vowel CV
Constrained tongue position
Little coarticulatory effects
Greater energy in F3
Some discontinuity b/w the consonant and the vowel

63
Q

Dark /l/

A

Occurs AFTER a vowel VC
Constrained tongue position
Little coarticulatory effects
F1 and F2 are low like /w/
No discontinuity b/w the vowel and consonant

64
Q

Nasal characteristics

A

Occludes the oral cavity
Opening of the velopharyngeal port
Direct continuous airflow out nasal cavity
CONTINUANTS
Similar formant structure to vowels
High degree of vocal tract constriction
Can be syllabics

65
Q

Nasal acoustic features for MANNER

A

Low F1 (nasal murmur)
250-500 Hz
Due to large volume of nasal cavity and opening to atmosphere
Low level of energy throughout production
Loses energy b/c of dampening effects of thick tissues and narrow passage of cavity
KEY FEATURE: FAINT formant bands, ESPECIALLy when compared to adjacent vowels

66
Q

Nasal acoustic features of PLACE

A

Not as apparent
Vowels PRECEDING:
Lowering of F2 before Bilabial nasal
F2 and F3 velar pinch before velar nasal
Nasal articulation is constant b/w phonemes allowing formant structure to remain same

67
Q

Nasals and stops

A

Complete occlusion of oral cavity
Vowel formant on glides and off lines similar in the stop/nasal pairs
-/b, m/, /d, n/ and /g, ŋ/
Homorganic - same articulation
Differences:
Veloparyngeal airflow
Greater energy in nasal murmur than voicing

68
Q

Vowel nasalization

A

Occurs b/c of coarticulation
Affects vowel closest to nasal in VC and CV
Antiformants and formants

69
Q

Vowel nasalization

A

Occurs b/c of coarticulation
Affects vowel closest to nasal in VC and CV
Antiformants and formants

70
Q

Acoustic evidence for vowel nasalization

A

Visible lack of harmonic energy
F1 raised
Dampening of energy for F1–F3 - lower spectal peaks

71
Q

Vowel nasalization creating

A

VC: velopharyngeal port is OPEN during vowel production ANTICIPATING the nasal
CV: velopharyngeal port is CLOSING as the following vowel is articulated

72
Q

Affricates /tʃ, dʒ/

A

A stop followed by a homorganic fricative
Stop released by constriction remains sufficient to produce Frication noise
Acoustic features for PLACE similar to stops
Duration of stop gap may be longer
Frication noise may occur in the affricates

73
Q

Meaning and intent communicate from acoustic viewpoint on 2 levels

A
  1. The phoneme (segment) individually or in a group
  2. Suprasegmentals (superimposed on the segments
74
Q

3 types of suprasegmentals

A
  1. Duration
  2. Pitch
  3. Tone (intonation)
75
Q

Intonation characteristics

A

Tone refers to pitch as a distinctive feature at WORD level
Intonation is utterance level pitch contour (related to tonal languages)
In English intonation is important for identifying a question

76
Q

Intonation and FF

A

FF contributes to perception of emotional intent
FF declination occurs over the course of an utterance b/c
Decreased subglottal pressure
Decreased jaw opening
Vowel transitions
Velar movement

77
Q

Stress

A

Emphasis placed on segment to convey meaning
Acoustic cues:
FF contour
Intensity contour
Duration

78
Q

Duration

A

Length of sound as a distinctive feature
Identifies semantic boundaries
Preboundary lengthening
Signaling end of word or utterance
Defined by juncture
Amount of time separation of syllables
Can influence meaning

79
Q

What varies the intra-oral pressure?

A

Degree of constriction of phoneme
Intensity of production

80
Q

What is nasal airflow regulated by

A

Velopharyngeal port
Hypernasalisty: excessive nasal resonance in the acoustic signal

81
Q

What happens to intelligibility with excessive nasal resonance

A

Decreases intelligibility
Dampens acoustic energy with antiformants
Intro of noise from turbulent nasal airflow emissions
Decrease in intra-oral pressure

82
Q

Measuring factors contributing to nasality

A

Difficult to measure
Nasal airflow is NOT a direct measure of nasal resonance
Nasal airflow and nasal dependent if the stimulus contains nasal consonants

83
Q

Measuring factors contributing to nasality

A

Difficult to measure
Nasal airflow is NOT a direct measure of nasal resonance
Nasal airflow and nasal dependent if the stimulus contains nasal consonants

84
Q

What is nasalance?

A

Ratio of nasal energy to overall combined nasal and oral energy as measured from acoustic pressure waveform

85
Q

Electromagnetic midsagittal articulography (EMMA)

A

Tracks movements of lips, soft palate, tongue, and mandible
Detects position in midsagittal plane
Coils placed around head at equal distance
Currents transmitted through coils

86
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of EMMA

A

More than one articulators tracked simultaneously
High velocity movements tracked accurately
Dis:
Only midline points are imaged vs whole structure
Complex movements not captured

87
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of EMMA

A

More than one articulators tracked simultaneously
High velocity movements tracked accurately
Dis:
Only midline points are imaged vs whole structure
Complex movements not captured

88
Q

Optoelectronics Tracking

A

LED’s attached to lip and mandible
Amplitude and velocity are measured

89
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of optoelectronics tracking

A

Provides kinematic data in 3 dimensional space
Normal movements are not disrupted
Dis:
Sensors must be completely visible
No internal movements are measured

90
Q

Strain gauge

A

Sensors that measure the amount of strain
Metal strips mounted on lips and mandible
Strain in change of length is measured as a function of applied stress

91
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of strain gauge

A

Provides unique kinematic info
Dis:
May alter normal articulatory movement

92
Q

Electropalatography (EPG)

A

Records location and timing of contact b/w tongue and palate
Utilizes a pseudopalate
Electrodes embedded in a retainer like palate

93
Q

Advantages of EPG

A

Provides info about articulation
Dis:
Only recorded info is when tongue touches palate
Pseudopalate may disrupt normal articulation patterns

Speech And Hearing Science (12 decks)

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