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Biology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Fermentation

A

Catabolic process that makes small amount of ATP without electron transport chain

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2
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Catabolic pathway using oxygen as the final electron acceptor in an electron transport chain to produces ATP

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3
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration for organic molecules and use ETC to make ATP

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4
Q

Redox reaction

A

Chemical reactions involving the transfer of electrons from one reactant to another

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5
Q

Oxidation

A

The complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance in a redox reaction

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6
Q

Reduction

A

Addition of electrons to a substance

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7
Q

Reducing agent

A

Electron donor

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8
Q

Oxidizing agent

A

Electron acceptor

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9
Q

What happens when electrons lose potential energy

A

Energy is released

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10
Q

What do feuls with hydrocarbon bonds oxidize to

A

C-O bonds

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11
Q

What carries electrons

A

Electron carriers carrying hydrogen atoms

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12
Q

What is NAD

A

A coenzyme that cycles between an oxidizing and reduction agent

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13
Q

Dehydrogenase

A

An enzyme that removes 2 electrons & 2 protons (2 hydrogen atoms) from substrate, oxidizing the substrate

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14
Q

Electron transport chain

A

Sequence of electron carrier molecules that tumble electrons down a redox reaction which will make energy for ATP

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15
Q

Route of electrons in cellular respiration

A

Glucose➡️NADH➡️ETC➡️oxygen

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16
Q

Glycolysis

A

Catabolic pathway that breaks down glucose

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17
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

Chemical cycle involving eight steps that complete the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing acetyl CoA to CO2

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18
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation

A

ATP made by enzyme catalysis by transfering a phosphate group to ADP from a substrate in catabolism

19
Q

What does G3P become after losing carboxyl group

A

Pyruvate

20
Q

Acetyl CoenzymeA

A

Entry compound for citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed by 2 carbon fragment of pyruvate attached to coenzyme

21
Q

What is acetyl CoA potential energy used for

A

Transferring the acetyl group in the carbon cycle

22
Q

Function of Cristae in mitochondria

A

Increase surface area

23
Q

Prosthetic groups

A

Non-protein parts attached to vital proteins for ETC. like coenzymes and cofactors

24
Q

Cytochromes

A

Iron containing proteins that are components of ETC

25
Q

What happens to oxygen after receiving the 2 electrons

A

It turns into water molecule

26
Q

Which protein does FADH2 add electrons to in the ETC

A

Complex 2

27
Q

ATP synthase

A

Complex membrane proteins that use chemiosmosis with energy from H+ diffusion to make atp

28
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

Energy coupling mechanism that uses energy in the form of H+ gradient across membrane to drive cellular work

29
Q

How does the ETC pump H+ across msmbrane

A

Using the exergonic flow of electrons from NADH & FADH2

30
Q

Where does H+ go when energy from electrons are exerted in ETC

A

From Mitochondrial matrix to inter membrane space

31
Q

Proton motive force

A

potential energy stored in a proton electrochemical gradient, generated by pumping ions across membranes during chemiosmosis

32
Q

What is the sequence of respiration flow

A

Glucose➡️NADH➡️ETC➡️proton-motive force➡️ATP

33
Q

What happens if O2 is not in ETC

A

The ETC will stop and get plugged

34
Q

Alcohol fermentation

A

Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ & releasing CO2

35
Q

Lactic acid

A

Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate regenerating NAD+ but no CO2 release

36
Q

Final electron acceptor in lactic acid

A

Pyruvate

37
Q

Final electron acceptor in alcohol

A

Acetaldehyde

38
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Organisms that carry out only fermentation or anaerobic respiration

39
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen is absent

40
Q

What must happen for protein to be used as feul

A

The amino group must be removed from the amino acid

41
Q

Deanination

A

Removal of the amino group from protein

42
Q

Beta oxidation

A

Metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to 2 carbon fragments which enter citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA

43
Q

What happens to the glycerol of fat

A

It is converted to glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

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