Chapter 9 Flashcards
Fermentation
Catabolic process that makes small amount of ATP without electron transport chain
Aerobic respiration
Catabolic pathway using oxygen as the final electron acceptor in an electron transport chain to produces ATP
Cellular respiration
Catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration for organic molecules and use ETC to make ATP
Redox reaction
Chemical reactions involving the transfer of electrons from one reactant to another
Oxidation
The complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance in a redox reaction
Reduction
Addition of electrons to a substance
Reducing agent
Electron donor
Oxidizing agent
Electron acceptor
What happens when electrons lose potential energy
Energy is released
What do feuls with hydrocarbon bonds oxidize to
C-O bonds
What carries electrons
Electron carriers carrying hydrogen atoms
What is NAD
A coenzyme that cycles between an oxidizing and reduction agent
Dehydrogenase
An enzyme that removes 2 electrons & 2 protons (2 hydrogen atoms) from substrate, oxidizing the substrate
Electron transport chain
Sequence of electron carrier molecules that tumble electrons down a redox reaction which will make energy for ATP
Route of electrons in cellular respiration
Glucose➡️NADH➡️ETC➡️oxygen
Glycolysis
Catabolic pathway that breaks down glucose
Citric acid cycle
Chemical cycle involving eight steps that complete the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing acetyl CoA to CO2
Substrate-level phosphorylation
ATP made by enzyme catalysis by transfering a phosphate group to ADP from a substrate in catabolism
What does G3P become after losing carboxyl group
Pyruvate
Acetyl CoenzymeA
Entry compound for citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed by 2 carbon fragment of pyruvate attached to coenzyme
What is acetyl CoA potential energy used for
Transferring the acetyl group in the carbon cycle
Function of Cristae in mitochondria
Increase surface area
Prosthetic groups
Non-protein parts attached to vital proteins for ETC. like coenzymes and cofactors
Cytochromes
Iron containing proteins that are components of ETC
What happens to oxygen after receiving the 2 electrons
It turns into water molecule
Which protein does FADH2 add electrons to in the ETC
Complex 2
ATP synthase
Complex membrane proteins that use chemiosmosis with energy from H+ diffusion to make atp
Chemiosmosis
Energy coupling mechanism that uses energy in the form of H+ gradient across membrane to drive cellular work
How does the ETC pump H+ across msmbrane
Using the exergonic flow of electrons from NADH & FADH2
Where does H+ go when energy from electrons are exerted in ETC
From Mitochondrial matrix to inter membrane space
Proton motive force
potential energy stored in a proton electrochemical gradient, generated by pumping ions across membranes during chemiosmosis
What is the sequence of respiration flow
Glucose➡️NADH➡️ETC➡️proton-motive force➡️ATP
What happens if O2 is not in ETC
The ETC will stop and get plugged
Alcohol fermentation
Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ & releasing CO2
Lactic acid
Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate regenerating NAD+ but no CO2 release
Final electron acceptor in lactic acid
Pyruvate
Final electron acceptor in alcohol
Acetaldehyde
Obligate anaerobes
Organisms that carry out only fermentation or anaerobic respiration
Facultative anaerobes
Organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen is absent
What must happen for protein to be used as feul
The amino group must be removed from the amino acid
Deanination
Removal of the amino group from protein
Beta oxidation
Metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to 2 carbon fragments which enter citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA
What happens to the glycerol of fat
It is converted to glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
