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Biology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Light microscope

A

Optical instruments with lenses that refract light to magnify image

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2
Q

Organelle

A

Membrane enclosed structure with specialized functions

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3
Q

Electron microscope

A

Uses magnets to focus electron beams on a specimen.

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4
Q

Use of electron microscopes

A

Study details of a sample and uses metallic atoms

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5
Q

Transmission electron microscope

A

Studies internal structure of a cell

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6
Q

Cytosol

A

Semi fluid part of cytoplasm

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7
Q

What is the cytoplasm

A

Contents of cell, bounded by plasma membranes

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8
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Membrane found at the boundary of every cell acting as a selective barrier

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9
Q

What do microvilli do?

A

Increase surface area of cells without drastically increasing volume

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10
Q

Nucleus

A

Organelle that contains genetic material

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11
Q

Nuclear envolope

A

Membrane that encloses nucleus

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12
Q

Nuclear lamina

A

Lines inner surface of nuclear envelope and maintains nuclear shape

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13
Q

Chromosomes

A

A DNA molecule and an associated protein that carries genetic information

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14
Q

Chromatin

A

Complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes

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15
Q

Nucleolus

A

Structure consisting of chromosomal regions containing rRNA genes along with ribosomal proteins from the cytoplasm

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16
Q

How does the nucleus direct protein synthesis

A

Synthesizing mRNA which carry information from DNA

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17
Q

Ribosomes

A

Complexes made of rRNA & proteins which synthesize proteins; made of a large and small subunit

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18
Q

Endomembrane system

A

Collection of membranes inside and surrounding the cell

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19
Q

What are structures apart of endomembrane system

A

ER, golgi body, nuclear envelope, plasma membrane, lysosomes, vesicles, and vacuoles

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20
Q

Vesicles

A

Membrane bound sac

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21
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Network of membranes

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22
Q

How is detoxification done by smooth ER

A

Adding hydroxyl group which causes molecule to become more water soluble

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23
Q

What happens if detoxification occurs often

A

More enzymes will be produced causing tolerance

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24
Q

Transport vesicles

A

Small membraneous sac cytoplasm and carry molecules produced by the cell

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25
Q

What does rough ER produce

A

Secretory proteins, and membrane proteins

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26
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Organelle consisting of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of ER

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27
Q

Cisternae

A

Flat membrane sacs

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28
Q

How does Golgi body sort materials

A

Using identification tags like phosphate groups

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29
Q

Lysosomes

A

Organelle that is a sac containing hydrolytic enzyme

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30
Q

What makes hydrolytic enzhmes and lysosome membrane

A

Rough ER and then transferred to golgi

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31
Q

Autophagy

A

The fusing of vesicles with lysosomes that contain damaged organelles which will be digested

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32
Q

Vacuoles

A

Organelle that is a vesicle either specialized functions

33
Q

Food vacuoles

A

Membraneous sacs formed by phagocytosis of microorganisms or particles to be used by the cell

34
Q

Contractile vacuoles

A

Vacuole that pumps excess water maintaining ions and molecules in the cell

35
Q

Mitochondria

A

Organelle that is the site of cellular respiration

36
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Organelle that absorbs sunlight

37
Q

Which cells contain chloroplasts

A

Plant and prokaryotes

38
Q

Where are mitochondria found

A

Fungi, plants, animals, and protists

39
Q

What is found in the cristae of mitochondria

A

Electron transport chain, enzymes for catalyzing synthesis of ATP

40
Q

Where is the intermembrane space of mitochondria

A

Outer membrane and inner membrane

41
Q

Mitochondrial matrix

A

The part of the mitochondrion inside the inner matrix

42
Q

What is in mitochondrial membrane

A

Enzyme, substrate, ribosomes, and DNA

43
Q

Thylakoids

A

Flattened, membraneous sac inside chloroplast, converts light energy to chemical energy

44
Q

Granum

A

A stack of thylakoids, and contain ribosomes and DNA

45
Q

What are the 3 compartments separated by chloroplast membrane

A

Inter membrane space, stroma, thylakoid space

46
Q

Plastids

A

Family of organelles found in photosynthetic eukaryotes

47
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Organelle with enzymes that transfers hydrogen from substrates to oxygen; creates hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct

48
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that extend through cytoplasm

49
Q

Functions of cytoskeleton

A

Mechanical, transportation, signaling

50
Q

Motor proteins

A

Protein that interacts either cytoskeletal system; can produce movement of the whole or part of cell

51
Q

Where are microtubules found

A

Cilia and flagella

52
Q

What forms microtubules

A

Dimers of ploypeptides

53
Q

Function of microtubules

A

Serve as tracks for organelles with motor proteins to transport

54
Q

Centrosomes

A

Structure containing 2 centrioles found near nucleus

55
Q

Function of centrosomes

A

Microtubules organizing center and cell division

56
Q

Centrioles

A

Structure composed of a cylinder of microtubules triplets

57
Q

Flagella

A

Long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion

58
Q

Cillia

A

Short appendages containing microtubules

59
Q

Function of cilia

A

Locomotion, movement of substances, signal recievers

60
Q

Dyeins

A

Large motor proteins extending from one microtubule to another

61
Q

Microfilaments

A

Cable made of actin proteins

62
Q

Actin

A

Globular proteins responsible for cell contraction

63
Q

Cortex

A

Outer region of cytoplasm right under plasma membrane

64
Q

Cell walls

A

Protective layer external to plasma membrane

65
Q

Function of cell wall in plants

A

Holds shape, and prevents excessive water

66
Q

Primary cell walls

A

Thin, flexible layer that surrounds the plasma membrane of young cells

67
Q

Middle lamella

A

Thin layer of pectins found between primary walls of young plants

68
Q

Secondary cell wall

A

Strong durable matrix, deposited in several layers. For structure and support

69
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Meshwork of surrounding animal cells

70
Q

What is ECM made of glycoproteins, polysaccharides, & proteoglycans

A
71
Q

Collagen

A

A glycoprotein that forms strong fibers. Most abundant

72
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Large molecule consisting of small core protein with many carbs attached to it

73
Q

Fibroconnectin

A

Glycoprotein secreted by animal cells that helps them attach to ECM

74
Q

Integrins

A

Transmembrane receptor protein that interconnect the ECM and cytoplasm

75
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Open channel in cell wall connecting cytoplasm of adjacent plant cell allowing materials to pass

76
Q

Gap junctions

A

Protein surrounding a pore that allows the passage of materials between cells

77
Q

Tight junctions

A

Prevents leakage of materials through space

78
Q

Desmosomes

A

Functions as a rivet fastening cells together

Biology (15 decks)

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