Chapter 6 Flashcards
Light microscope
Optical instruments with lenses that refract light to magnify image
Organelle
Membrane enclosed structure with specialized functions
Electron microscope
Uses magnets to focus electron beams on a specimen.
Use of electron microscopes
Study details of a sample and uses metallic atoms
Transmission electron microscope
Studies internal structure of a cell
Cytosol
Semi fluid part of cytoplasm
What is the cytoplasm
Contents of cell, bounded by plasma membranes
Plasma membrane
Membrane found at the boundary of every cell acting as a selective barrier
What do microvilli do?
Increase surface area of cells without drastically increasing volume
Nucleus
Organelle that contains genetic material
Nuclear envolope
Membrane that encloses nucleus
Nuclear lamina
Lines inner surface of nuclear envelope and maintains nuclear shape
Chromosomes
A DNA molecule and an associated protein that carries genetic information
Chromatin
Complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes
Nucleolus
Structure consisting of chromosomal regions containing rRNA genes along with ribosomal proteins from the cytoplasm
How does the nucleus direct protein synthesis
Synthesizing mRNA which carry information from DNA
Ribosomes
Complexes made of rRNA & proteins which synthesize proteins; made of a large and small subunit
Endomembrane system
Collection of membranes inside and surrounding the cell
What are structures apart of endomembrane system
ER, golgi body, nuclear envelope, plasma membrane, lysosomes, vesicles, and vacuoles
Vesicles
Membrane bound sac
Endoplasmic reticulum
Network of membranes
How is detoxification done by smooth ER
Adding hydroxyl group which causes molecule to become more water soluble
What happens if detoxification occurs often
More enzymes will be produced causing tolerance
Transport vesicles
Small membraneous sac cytoplasm and carry molecules produced by the cell
What does rough ER produce
Secretory proteins, and membrane proteins
Golgi apparatus
Organelle consisting of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of ER
Cisternae
Flat membrane sacs
How does Golgi body sort materials
Using identification tags like phosphate groups
Lysosomes
Organelle that is a sac containing hydrolytic enzyme
What makes hydrolytic enzhmes and lysosome membrane
Rough ER and then transferred to golgi
Autophagy
The fusing of vesicles with lysosomes that contain damaged organelles which will be digested
Vacuoles
Organelle that is a vesicle either specialized functions
Food vacuoles
Membraneous sacs formed by phagocytosis of microorganisms or particles to be used by the cell
Contractile vacuoles
Vacuole that pumps excess water maintaining ions and molecules in the cell
Mitochondria
Organelle that is the site of cellular respiration
Chloroplasts
Organelle that absorbs sunlight
Which cells contain chloroplasts
Plant and prokaryotes
Where are mitochondria found
Fungi, plants, animals, and protists
What is found in the cristae of mitochondria
Electron transport chain, enzymes for catalyzing synthesis of ATP
Where is the intermembrane space of mitochondria
Outer membrane and inner membrane
Mitochondrial matrix
The part of the mitochondrion inside the inner matrix
What is in mitochondrial membrane
Enzyme, substrate, ribosomes, and DNA
Thylakoids
Flattened, membraneous sac inside chloroplast, converts light energy to chemical energy
Granum
A stack of thylakoids, and contain ribosomes and DNA
What are the 3 compartments separated by chloroplast membrane
Inter membrane space, stroma, thylakoid space
Plastids
Family of organelles found in photosynthetic eukaryotes
Peroxisomes
Organelle with enzymes that transfers hydrogen from substrates to oxygen; creates hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct
Cytoskeleton
Network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that extend through cytoplasm
Functions of cytoskeleton
Mechanical, transportation, signaling
Motor proteins
Protein that interacts either cytoskeletal system; can produce movement of the whole or part of cell
Where are microtubules found
Cilia and flagella
What forms microtubules
Dimers of ploypeptides
Function of microtubules
Serve as tracks for organelles with motor proteins to transport
Centrosomes
Structure containing 2 centrioles found near nucleus
Function of centrosomes
Microtubules organizing center and cell division
Centrioles
Structure composed of a cylinder of microtubules triplets
Flagella
Long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion
Cillia
Short appendages containing microtubules
Function of cilia
Locomotion, movement of substances, signal recievers
Dyeins
Large motor proteins extending from one microtubule to another
Microfilaments
Cable made of actin proteins
Actin
Globular proteins responsible for cell contraction
Cortex
Outer region of cytoplasm right under plasma membrane
Cell walls
Protective layer external to plasma membrane
Function of cell wall in plants
Holds shape, and prevents excessive water
Primary cell walls
Thin, flexible layer that surrounds the plasma membrane of young cells
Middle lamella
Thin layer of pectins found between primary walls of young plants
Secondary cell wall
Strong durable matrix, deposited in several layers. For structure and support
Extracellular matrix
Meshwork of surrounding animal cells
What is ECM made of glycoproteins, polysaccharides, & proteoglycans
Collagen
A glycoprotein that forms strong fibers. Most abundant
Proteoglycans
Large molecule consisting of small core protein with many carbs attached to it
Fibroconnectin
Glycoprotein secreted by animal cells that helps them attach to ECM
Integrins
Transmembrane receptor protein that interconnect the ECM and cytoplasm
Plasmodesmata
Open channel in cell wall connecting cytoplasm of adjacent plant cell allowing materials to pass
Gap junctions
Protein surrounding a pore that allows the passage of materials between cells
Tight junctions
Prevents leakage of materials through space
Desmosomes
Functions as a rivet fastening cells together
