Chapter 14 Flashcards
Character
An observable heritable feature that may vary among individuals
Trait
One of two or more detectable variants in a genetic character
Stamens
Pollen producing organ
Carpel
Egg bearing organ
True breeding
Organisms that produce offspring of the same variety over many generations of self pollination
Hybridization
Mating of 2 true breeding varieties
P generations
The true breeding parents individuals from which F1 hybrid offsprings are derived from
F1 generations
Hybrid offspring arising from a parental cross
F2 generations
Offspring from F1 generation
Alleles
alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects
Dominant alleles
Allele that is expressed in a heterozygote
Recessive allele
Allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed
Law of segregation
Mendel’s first law, starting that the 2 alleles in a pair segregate into different gametes
Homozygote
Organism with pair of identical alleles for a gene
Homozygous
Having 2 identical alleles for a given gene
Heterozygous
Organism that has 2 different alleles for a gene
Heterozygous
Having 2 different alleles for a given gene
Phenotype
Observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup
Genotype
Genetic makeup, or set of alleles of an organism
Testcross
Breeding an organism of an unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to find unknown genotype
Monohybrid
Organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest
Monohybrid cross
Cross between 2 organisms that are monohybrid
Dihybrid
Organism that is heterozygous with respect to 2 genes of interest
Dihybrid cross
Cross between 2 organisms that are dihybrid
Law of independent assortment
Each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair during gamete formation
complete dominance
Phenotype of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote look the same
Incomplete dominance
Phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele
Codominance
Phenotype of both alleles are expressed in the heterozygote
Epistasis
phenotypic expression of one gene alters another gene
Quantitative characters
Heritable features that varies continuously over a range
Polygenic inheritance
A single phenotypic character is affected by 2 or more genes
Pleitropy
Ability of a single gene to have multiple effects
Multifactorial
Referring to a phenotypic character that is influenced by multiple genes & environment
Pedigree
Diagram of a family tree showing occurrence of heritable characters over multiple generations
Carriers
Individual, who is heterozygous for recessively inherited disorder.
Chromosome theory of inheritance
Genes are located at specific location on chromosomes and the behavior of it accounts for pattern of inheritance
