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Biology > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Transcription

A

The synthesis of RNA using template DNA

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2
Q

Translation

A

Synthesis of polypeptide using the information in the mRNA.

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3
Q

Primary transcript

A

An initial RNA transcript from any gene

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4
Q

Triplet code

A

information system that uses a series of 3 nucleotides to specify a sequence of amino acids for a polypeptide

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5
Q

Template strand

A

The DNA strand that provides the template for the order of polypeptides

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6
Q

Codons

A

3 nucleotide sequence of polynucleotide that specifies an amino acid or termination signal

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7
Q

Coding strand

A

Non-template DNA strand that the same sequence as mRNA

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8
Q

Reading frame

A

On mRNA, the triplet grouping of ribonucleotides used by the translation machinery during polypeptide synthesis

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9
Q

RNA polymerase

A

An enzyme that links ribonucleotides into growing RNA chain during transcription

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10
Q

Promotor

A

Specific nucleotide sequence in DNA of a gene that binds RNA polymerase, so it can transcribe in the right place

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11
Q

Terminator

A

Sequence of DNA that marks the end of a gene and signals RNA polymerase to release it

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12
Q

Transcription unit

A

Region of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule

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13
Q

Startpoint

A

The nucleotide position on the promotor where RNA polymerase begins synthesis of RNA

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14
Q

Transcription factors

A

protein that binds to DNA & affect transcription of genes

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15
Q

Transcription initiation complex

A

The completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase on promoter

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16
Q

TATA Box

A

Dna sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription complex

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17
Q

RNA processing

A

Modification of pre-mRNA, by removing introns, joining exons, & alteration of 5’ & 3’ ends

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18
Q

5’ cap

A

Modified form of guanine nucleotide added to 5’ end of pre-mRNA (GTP)

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19
Q

Poly-A tail

A

Sequence of adenine nucleotides added onto the 3’ end of a pre mRNA

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20
Q

RNA splicing

A

Removal of introns in the mRNA and joining exons

21
Q

Introns

A

Noncoding intervening sequence within a pre-mRNA that’s removed from transcript

22
Q

Exons

A

Sequence within primary mRNA that remains after processing

23
Q

Spliceosome

A

Large complex made up of proteins and RNA that splices that splices RNA

24
Q

Ribozymes

A

Rna molecule that acts as an enzyme

25
Q

Transfer RNA

A

RNA molecule that functions in translation by applying specific amino acid to polypeptide chain in ribosome

26
Q

Anticodon

A

A nucleotide triplet at an end of tRNA that base pairs with a codon on mRNA

27
Q

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthase

A

An enzyme that joins each amino acid to appropriate tRNA

28
Q

Charged tRNA

A

tRNA covalently bonded to an amino acid

29
Q

Wobble

A

Flexibility in base-pairing where the nucleotide at the 5’ end of a tRNA anticodon can hydrogen bond with more than one kind of base in third position (3’ end) of codon

30
Q

Ribosomal RNA

A

RNA molecule combined with proteins, to make ribosomes

31
Q

Translation initiation complex

A

Union of mRNA, initiator tRNA, and ribosomal subunit followed by attachment of a large ribosomal subunit

32
Q

N-terminus

A

Methionine

33
Q

C-terminus

A

Carboxyl end

34
Q

Codon recognition

A

Anticodon of incoming charged tRNA base pairs with complementary codon

35
Q

Peptide bond formation

A

An rRNA molecule of large subunit forms peptide bond between carboxyl end of polypeptide and new amino acid in A site

36
Q

Translocation

A

The ribosome translocated tRNA in A site to P site. tRNA in P site moves to E site where it’s released from ribosome

37
Q

Release factor

A

Proteins shaped like charged tRNA

38
Q

Signal peptide

A

Sequence of 20 amino acids at or near N-terminus that targets ribosome to ER

39
Q

Signal recognition particle

A

Protein RNA complex that recognize a signal peptide as it emerges from a ribosome, and it helps direct the ribosome to ER by binding to receptor protein on ER

40
Q

Polyribosome

A

Group of several ribosomes attaches to, and translating, the same mRNA

41
Q

Point mutation

A

Change in single nucleotide pair of gene

42
Q

Nucleotide pair substitution

A

Type of point mutation in which one nucleotide in a DNA strand and its partner in the complementary strand are replaced

43
Q

Silent mutation

A

A new nucleotide pair substitution that has no observable effects on phenotype

44
Q

Missense production

A

A nucleotide pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for different amino acid

45
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the 3 stop codons

46
Q

Insertions

A

A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene

47
Q

Deletion

A

A subtraction of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene

48
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

Occurring when nucleotides are inserted or deleted from a gene in non multiples of 3

49
Q

Mutagens

A

Chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and can cause a mutation

Biology (15 decks)

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