Chapter 8

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

Totality of organisms chemical reactions, consisting of anabolic and catabolic pathways

Question 2

Metabolic pathways

Answer 2

Series of chemical reactions that either builds (anabolic) or breaks down (catabolic) molecules

Question 3

Anabolic

Answer 3

Building complex molecules from simpler ones

Question 4

Catabolic pathways

Answer 4

Breaking complex molecules to simpler ones

Question 5

Chemical energy

Answer 5

Potential energy of a molecule in a chemical reaction

Question 6

Open system

Answer 6

Can change and interact with there environment

Question 7

Isolated systems

Answer 7

have no change on their surroundings

Question 8

What are usable forms of energy partly converted to

Answer 8

Heat

Question 9

First law of thermodynamics/ principle of conservation of energy

Answer 9

Energy can be transferred or transformed, but cannot be created

Question 10

Entropy

Answer 10

Measure of molecular disorder, or randomness

Question 11

2nd law of thermodynamics

Answer 11

Every energy transfer increase entropy of universe

Question 12

Spontaneous process

Answer 12

A process that occurs without an overall input of energy; energetically favorable

Question 13

Free energy

Answer 13

The portion of energy that can perform work when external factors are uniform

Question 14

Factors affecting free energy

Answer 14

pH, concentration, temperature

Question 15

When (delta)G is negative what process is most likely to occur

Answer 15

Spontaneous process

Question 16

Exergonic reaction

Answer 16

Spontaneous chemical reactions in which there is a net release of free energy

Question 17

Endergonic

Answer 17

Non spontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from their surroundings

Question 18

ATP

Answer 18

Contains adenine, ribose sugar, and 3 phosphate groups.

Question 19

T/F) ATP releases free energy when nucleosides are hydrolyzed.

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Phosphorylated intermediate

Answer 20

Molecule with a phosphate group covalently bonded to it making it more reactive to un phosphorylated molecules

Question 21

What provides free energy for phosphorylation of ATP

Answer 21

Exergonic breakdown (catabolism)

Question 22

Activation energy

Answer 22

The amount of energy a reaction needs before a chemical reaction can begin

Question 23

What energy can supply chemical reactions with activation energy

Answer 23

Thermal energy

Question 24

Why can thermal energy supply reactions with energy for activation energy

Answer 24

Thermal energy makes the atoms faster

Question 25

Transition state

Answer 25

When the molecules get enough energy they become unstable

Question 26

Catalysis

Answer 26

Process of chemical agent increasing rate of reaction without being consumed

Question 27

Substrate

Answer 27

The reactant that an enzymes works on

Question 28

Enzyme-substrate complex

Answer 28

Temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate

Question 29

Active site

Answer 29

Region of enzyme’s that bind substrate and that forms the pocket in which catalysis occurs

Question 30

Induced fit

Answer 30

Caused by entry of substrate; enzyme binds more snugly to substrate

Question 31

What is used to hold induced fit

Answer 31

Weak interactions (hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds)

Question 32

What makes the active sites of enzymes

Answer 32

R groups

Question 33

How does enzymes lower activation energy

Answer 33

Stretching and contorting substrate making their bonds easier to break

Question 34

When are enzymes saturated

Answer 34

When there is too many substrates in the solution

Question 35

How to fix saturated enzymes

Answer 35

Add more enzymes

Question 36

Cofactors

Answer 36

Nonprotein molecules or ions that is required for proper enzymatic activity

Question 37

Coenzymes

Answer 37

Organic molecules serving as cofactor; most vitamins function as coenzymes

Question 38

Competitive inhibitors

Answer 38

Substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering active sites in place of the substrate

Question 39

Which type of competitive inhibitors are irreversible

Answer 39

Covalently bonded inhibitors

Question 40

Which competitive inhibitors are reversible

Answer 40

Weak interactions

Question 41

What can be done to overcome competitive inhibitors

Answer 41

Add more enzymes

Question 42

Non competitive inhibitors

Answer 42

Bind to another part of enzyme forcing the enzyme to change shape reducing catalysis ability

Question 43

When does chemical chaos occur

Answer 43

When all cells metabolic pathways are operating simultaneously

Question 44

Allosteric regulation

Answer 44

Binding of regulatory molecules to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site

Question 45

Allosteric enzymes

Answer 45

Made of 2 or more subunits, have the ability to switch to different forms; one active the other inactive

Question 46

Can ATP bind to enzymes allosterically

Answer 46

Yes

Question 47

What happens when ADP binds to an enzyme ATP inhibits

Answer 47

ADP Activates the enzyme

Question 48

Cooperativity

Answer 48

Type of allosteric regulation where binding of a substrate causes a shape change in a subunit of a protein which is transmitted to other subunits

Question 49

Feedback inhibition (metabolic)

Answer 49

Method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme within that pathway